Marketing Management Project wk4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Showcasing Management Project wk4 - Essay Example This objective market spares entrepreneurs from sitting around idly and cash, among different assets, while attempting to offer their items to individuals who don't require them. All organizations need an advertising methodology in order to think their endeavors to the correct channels of producing pay. A decent showcasing system is significant in guaranteeing that the objective market is completely caught and buys the introduced item or administration. To comprehend a market and the effect of an item or administration on it, a few strategies can be applied in examining a business. These strategies make a circumstance investigation. The circumstance investigation is a key part of an advertising plan and ought to be painstakingly thought on and done. For the administration being referred to, which includes the flexibly of reading material like substance to understudies on the web, a huge bit of the objective market is comprised of younger students, and explicitly the individuals who approach a PC with a web association. This market comprises youngsters and youthful grown-ups who want to understand course readings yet have practically no entrance the printed versions. This site will be available to anybody, implying that the market won't be restricted to a particular topographical district. The qualities of the administration are that it can serve a huge populace paying little mind to topographical area and contains significant scholastic substance that would just be accessible in scholarly reading material. Its shortcoming lies in the way that anybody can duplicate this thought and make their own variant of it, most likely even an improved one. The open doors that exist in this administration incorporate the expansion of expert scholastic materials that can be provided to colleges and schools at an expense. At long last, dangers, for example, previously existing information destinations, among them Wikipedia, are known to numerous understudies who intensely depend on them. Dangers of new contestants into the business division are additionally to be thought of (Wood, 2005). The fundamental contenders of such an on the web

Electric Motor free essay sample

No piece of this work secured by the copyright thus might be duplicated, transmitted, put away, or utilized in any structure or using any and all means realistic, electronic, or mechanical, including however not restricted to copying, recording, filtering, digitizing, taping, Web dissemination, data systems, or data stockpiling and recovery frameworks, aside from as allowed under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the earlier composed consent of the distributer. VP, Career and Professional Editorial: Dave Garza Director of Learning Solutions: Sandy Clark Managing Editor: Larry Main The peruser is explicitly cautioned to consider and embrace all security precautionary measures that may be shown by the exercises depicted thus and to maintain a strategic distance from every single potential risk. By adhering to the guidelines contained in this, the peruser eagerly accept all dangers regarding such directions. The distributer makes no portrayals or guarantees of any sort, including however not restricted to, the guarantees of ? tness for specific reason or merchantability, nor are any such portrayals suggested as for the material put forward in this, and the distributer assumes no liability concerning such material. The distributer will not be obligated for any exceptional, considerable, or excellent harms coming about, in entire or part, from the readers’ utilization of, or dependence upon, this material. Imprinted in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 XX 11 10 09 Contents Preface vi Section 1 Introduction 1 UNIT 1 General Principles of Electric Motor Control 3 UNIT 2 Fractional and Integral Horsepower Manual Motor Starters 17 UNIT 3 Magnetic Line Voltage Starters 23 Section 2 Circuit Layout, Connections, and Symbols UNIT 4 Symbols 51 UNIT 5 49 Interpretation and Application of Simple Wiring and Elementary Diagrams 63 Segment 3 Control Pilot Devices UNIT 6 Push Buttons and Control Stations 81 UNIT 7 Relays 87 UNIT 8 Contactors 95 UNIT 9 Timing Relays 103 UNIT 10 Pressure Switches and Regulators 113 UNIT 11 Float Switches 117 UNIT 12 Flow Switches 123 UNIT 13 Limit Switches and Proximity Control 127 UNIT 14 Phase Failure Relays 135 UNIT 15 Solenoid Valves 139 UNIT 16 79 Temperature Switches 143 Section 4 Basic Control Circuits UNIT 17 Two-Wire Controls 149 UNIT 18 Three-Wire and Separate Controls 153 UNIT 19 Hand-Off Automatic Controls 159 UNIT 20 Multiple Push-Button Stations 163 UNIT 21 Interlocking Methods for Reversing Control 165 UNIT 22 Sequence Control 173 UNIT 23 Jogging (Inching) Control Circuits 181 UNIT 24 147 Time-Delay, Low-Voltage Release Relay 187 v Section 5 AC Reduced Voltage Starters UNIT 25 The Motor and Starting Methods 193 UNIT 26 Primary Resistor-Type Starters 199 UNIT 27 Autotransformer Starters 205 UNIT 28 Part Winding Motor Starters 211 UNIT 29 Automatic Starters for Star-Delta Motors 217 UNIT 30 AC Solid-State Reduced Voltage Controller 223 Section 6 Three-Phase, Multispeed Controllers UNIT 31 Two-Speed, One-Winding (Consequent Pole) Motor Controller 239 UNIT 33 31 Controllers for Two-Speed,Two-Winding (Separate Winding) Motors 233 UNIT 32 Four-Speed,Two-Winding (Consequent Pole) Motor Controller 247 Section 7 Wound Rotor (Slip Ring) Motor Controllers UNIT 34 Push-Button Speed Selection 261 UNIT 36 Automatic Acceleration for Wound Rotor Motors 263 UNIT 37 Automatic Speed Control for Wound Rotor Motors 269 UNIT 38 253 Wound Rotor Motors and Ma nual Speed Control 255 UNIT 35 Solid-State Adjustable Speed Controller for AC Wound Rotor Motors 275 Section 8 Synchronous Motor Controls UNIT 39 Push-Button Synchronizing 287 UNIT 41 Timed Semiautomatic Synchronizing 291 The course reading talks about electrical and mechanical segments and how they are associated with control various sorts of engines. A wide range of kinds of control circuit and representations are talked about. The content contains an abundance of pragmatic data that will apply to practically any mechanical application.  The content accept that understudies know about fundamental electrical hypothesis and normal arrangement and equal circuits. Electric Motor Control has been utilized effectively for both conventional homeroom preparing and self examination. It is utilized widely in preapprentice and contracted student preparing projects and n sorted out apprentice circuit tester classes. The viable way to deal with engine control makes this a helpful handbook at work for introducing, checking, and keeping up control frameworks. Electric Motor Control gives a pragmatic way to deal with a fairly dif? faction subject. The content is written in straightforward language. Every unit of guidance covers a short, brief subject. Expected understudy learning is delineated in the targets toward the start of every unit. The supplements and glossary give further clarification of terms and overhauling to investigating, which the understudy is urged to utilize. The ninth release contains extended data on over-burden transfers and various refreshed representations. The content utilizes a subsequent shading to feature significant ideas. The ninth release gives an update to a reading material that has for quite some time been viewed as an extraordinary book regarding the matter of engine control hypothesis and viable application. Electric Motor Control represents control frameworks, beginning with the least complex of gear, and expands on it in a bit by bit design to progressively complex circuits. Understudies figure out how to draw and decipher engine control schematics and wiring outlines.

Research Topics Example

Research Topics Example Research Topics â€" Essay Example > An Analysis of Competitive Advantage in the UK e Company By submission Introduction OUTSURGE is an e cigarette technology- led global company that was born out of a passion for innovative technology, design and quality products. The company aspires to research and build up an extensive collection of cutting edge goods that confront the standard in industry and assist consumers all over the world achieve more and get satisfaction. The company is currently facing huge competition from large organizations already established in the country. The major competitor being the e SHISHA Company the largely dominates the market share. E OUTSURGE beginning a small starting enterprise it is experiencing a lot of hindrances to penetration into the market by this the frustrations of barriers of entry by large organizations such as the e SHISHA. With the headquarters in the UK and growing links in various countries the main aim is to be accessible to as many people as possible around the world. To achieving this, the company has to grow its business and reflect positivity to customers, shareholders and society through our products. Being a customer-centered company, the company is determined to build outstanding products as compared to other products already exciting in the market. This will be achieved through research and using new technological equipments. By making sure synergy among various departments, the company is continuously determined to generate a stupendous portfolio of products for all customers. The demand for telecommunication services has increased rapidly during the last decade, particularly in the areas of mobile phone; with increased competition in the industry companies must identify a strategy to ensure survival in the market as well as the control of the market share. This global demand is very much triggered by the globalization of business operations across all industries, and the associated with it labor, capital and resource mobility. At national level the increasing demand for information and communication services comes along with changes in life style and living standards of peop le Literature review How can OUTSARGE an e cigarette company enter into an already saturated market? OBJECTIVES This paper aims at exploring the identifiable advantages that are associated with diversifying production. Benefits realized by an organization implementing competitive advantage strategy. This proposal will also seek to analyze the competitive advantage in the UK mobile phone industry. Also the paper will seek to know how an e cigarette company can successfully enter into an already saturated market like the example of the UK market which is fully saturated with such business. The principal oblige for growth and development in the mobile phones and the information technology industry is coupled with the rapidity of new technology execution, which diversifies the market potential by introducing new services, and up bringing new capabilities to major players, as well as reducing their costs. Further factors affecting the antagonism and growth in the industry are de-regulation and privatization, and government efforts to change the monopoly position of the industry. In order to effectively analyze the competitive analysis in the UK mobile industry, we will appreciate the contribution of Michael porter theory of competitive advantage. In 1980 Michael Porter came up with a practical model of rivalry, based on economic principles. Porter's research on industrial groups uncovered five determinants of long-term industry profitability (Porter, 1985). First is the character of rivalry among competing companies in the industry. This is brought about by companies trying to secure the market share for the largely produced product or service for a small market. OUTSARGE will look forward to establish means to secure its market share through provision of high quality goods. Secondly is fear of additional entry. If there are substantial barriers to entry, the companies in the industry will do better than if the barriers are weak. The e cigarette market in the UK is largely dominated by huge investments companies like the e SHISHA and thus the companies crea te a great barrier for small companies entering the market like OUTSURGE. Another factor is the risk of existence of substituting products or services. If customers have numerous alternatives from which to choose, the industry's profitability decreases (Rothaermel, 2001b), to be able to survive the harsh competition in the industry e OUTSURGE looks forward to diversifying its products market. The e SHISHA Company offers delivery services that new and small companies entering the market may not be able to offer. The other factors are the bargaining power of suppliers and buyers. When suppliers are able to alter the price of the firms input by dictating the prices, it becomes difficult for small upcoming companies to penetrate the market, When buyers have the capacity to determine the product prices or even order of extra services, from the producer it becomes difficult for the firm to increase and sustain its profitability expectations. Large establishments like the SHISHA may be in a position to offer these services such as delivery of goods. This is because the company is already stable. In order to gain competitive advantage in its marketing strategies in the mobile phone industry in UK, OUTSURGE must consider undertaking the following steps; Identify the target market and distinguish it by socioeconomic, demographic, and common characteristics or individual needs that make them the potential customers for the product. Identify other businesses that are going after the same target group. Identify what is different with these companies from our company. Use competitors as learning tools by assessing their business models and imitate their strengths while using their weaknesses to advantage the company. Gain custo mers perception about the company’s product knowledge and carry out necessary improvements. In some cases, the company’s ability to manipulate hurdles to enter and compete in its market becomes an effective tool against new competition, further entrenching the business and preserving its profit potential for the foreseeable future (Caves Porter 1977). Once you’ve gained a competitive advantage, your work is far from complete. Constantly maintain your competitive advantage is essential to achieve the set objectives of the firm. You can maintain your competitive advantage by predicting future trends in your industry, constantly researching and monitoring your competitors, and adapting to your customer’s wants and needs (Barney 1991). Conclusion To achieve competitive advantage and maintain the control of the mobile phone industry OUTSURGE has to put in place SMART marketing strategy. Diversify the market with the current trend of rise in levels of technology. This will ensure that the company is able to survive in the highly competitive industry. References Barney, J 1991. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage, Journal of Management, 17(1), 99â€"120. Caves, R., Porter, M E 1977. From entry barriers to mobility barriers, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 91 (2), 241â€"262, Drucker, R1994. The theory of business. Harvard Business Review, 75 (Septemberâ€"October), 95â€"105. Porter, M 1985. Competitive advantage: Creating and sustaining superior performance, New York: Free Press. Porter, G 1996. What is strategy? Harvard Business Review, 77 (Novemberâ€"December), 61â€"78. Rothaermel, T 2001a. Incumbent’s advantage through exploiting complementary assets via inter-firm cooperation Strategic, Management Journal, 22 (6â€"7), 687â€"699. Rothaermel, T 2001b, Complementary assets, strategic alliances, and the incumbent’s advantage: An empirical study of industry and firm effects in the biopharmaceutical industry. Research Policy, 30 (8),

An Integral Part Of All Modern Societies - 1011 Words

Nikolay Kolev Shakir Ghazi Humanities 2 Dec, 15, 2015 Written works have been an integral part of all modern societies. This is even more so true with the Puritans, whose life was governed by their religious principles. It is crucial to realise to what degree religion is nested inside the Puritan mindset. Their faith was not simply common ideas they shared. For them their religion was the only thing that could be important, it was the basis of their values and communal structure. For example - they left on the journey to america so they could freely worship their religion and to show the rest of the world the moral high ground it represented. This was because of the definite way their faith was structured. They believed in the concept of†¦show more content†¦Consider the fearful danger you are in: It is a great furnace of wrath, a wide and bottomless pit, full of fire of wrath, that you are held over in the hand of that God†. As is to be expected from their religion Puritan writing can be divided into three major categories - religious literature, poetry and journals.All Puritan writing had a common goal - â€Å"To transform a mysterious god - mysterious because he is separate from the world† while also glorifying him. Another important thing to notice that is common between all Puritan writing is that it always has a clearly defined purpose.Looking at their religious literature it’s easy to see that it is actually in fact influenced by their religious devotion(...). Their sermons were usually plain in style as to stay with their original idea and purpose without losing coherency, while also appealing to the common listener as straight to the point and convincing. There are a couple of main themes a sermon could have. It could be preaching to the people who do not share their beliefs with the Puritans. Such a sermon would describe the danger in which nonbelievers are while urging them to rethink their way of life and understand that fleeing to christ is their only salvation. An example of such a sermon would be â€Å"Sinners in the hand of an angry god†. Its structure is simple and

History of Alexandria Ancient and Medieval Period

Founded in 332 B.C. by Alexander the Great, Alexandria was intended to supersede Naucratis (q.v.) as a Greek centre in Egypt, and to be the link between Macedonia and the rich Nile Valley. If such a city was to be on the Egyptian coast, there was only one possible site, behind the screen of the Pharos island and removed from the silt thrown out by Nile mouths. An Egyptian townlet, Rhacotis, already stood on the shore and was a resort of fishermen and pirates. Behind it (according to the Alexandrian treatise, known as pseudo-Callisthenes) were five native villages scattered along the strip between Lake Mareotis and the sea. Alexander occupied Pharos, and had a walled city marked out by Deinocrates on the mainland to include Rhacotis. A few months later he left Egypt for the East and never returned to his city; but his corpse was ultimately entombed there. His viceroy, Cleomenes, continued the creation of Alexandria. The Heptastadium, however, and the mainland quarters seem to have been mainly Ptolemaic work. Inheriting the trade of ruined Tyre and becoming the centre of the new commerce between Europe and the Arabian and Indian East, the city grew in less than a century to be larger than Carthage; and for some centuries more it had to acknowledge no superior but Rome. It was a centre not only of Hellenism but of Semitism, and the greatest Jewish city in the world. There the Septuagint was produced. The early Ptolemies kept it in order and fostered the development of its museum into the leading Greek university; but they were careful to maintain the distinction of its population into three nations, Macedonian (i.e. Greek), Jew and Egyptian. From this division arose much of the later turbulence which began to manifest itself under Ptolemy Philopater. Nominally a free Greek city, Alexandria retained its senate to Roman times; and indeed the judicial functions of that body were restored by Septimius Severus, after temporary abolition by Augustus. The city passed formally under Roman jurisdiction in 80 B.C., according to the will of Ptolemy Alexander: but it had been under Roman influence for more than a hundred years previously. There Julius Caesar dallied with Cleopatra in 47 B.C. and was mobbed by the rabble; there his example was followed by Antony, for whose favour the city paid dear to Octavian, who placed over it a prefect from the imperial household. Alexandria seems from this time to have regained its old prosperity, commanding, as it did, an important granary of Rome. This latter fact, doubtless, was one of the chief reasons which induced Augustus to place it directly under the imperial power. In A.D. 215 the emperor Caracalla visited the city; and, in order to repay some insulting satires that the inhabitants had made upon him, he commanded his troops to put to death all youths capable of bearing arms. This brutal order seems to have been carried out even beyond the letter, for a general massacre was the result. Not withstanding this terrible disaster, Alexandria soon recovered its former splendour, and for some time longer was esteemed the first city of the world after Rome. Even as its main historical importance had formerly sprung from pagan learning, so now it acquired fresh importance as a centre of Christian theology and church government. There Arianism was formulated and there Athanasius, the great opponent of both heresy and pagan rcaction, worked and triumphed. As native influences, however, began to reassert themselves in the Nile valley, Alexandria gradually became an alien city, more and more detached from Egypt; and, losing much of its commerce as the peace of the empire broke up during the 3rd century A.D., it declined fast in population and splendour. The Brucheum, and Jewish quarters were desolate in the 5th century, and the central monuments, the Soma and Museum, fallen to ruin. This document is part of an article on Alexandria from the 1911 edition of an encyclopedia that is out of copyright here in the U.S. The article is in the public domain, and you may copy, download, print and distribute this work as you see fit. Every effort has been made to present this text accurately and cleanly, but no guarantees are made against errors. Neither N.S. Gill nor About may be held liable for any problems you experience with the text version or with any electronic form of this document. On the mainland life seems to have centred in the vicinity of the Serapeum and Caesareum, both become Christian churches: but the Pharos and Heptastadium quarters remained populous and intact. In 616 it was taken by Chosroes, king of Persia; and in 640 by the Arabians, under Amr, after a siege that lasted fourteen months, during which Heraclius, the emperor of Constantinople, did not send a single ship to its assistance. Notwithstanding the losses that the city had sustained, Amr was able to write to his master, the caliph Omar, that he had taken a city containing 4000 palaces, 4000 baths, 12,000 dealers in fresh oil, 12,000 gardeners, 40,000 Jews who pay tribute, 400 theatres or places of amusement. The story of the destruction of the library by the Arabs is first told by Bar-hebraeus (Abulfaragius), a Christian writer who lived six centuries later; and it is of very doubtful authority. It is highly improbable that many of the 700,000 volumes collected by the Ptolemies remained at the time of the Arab conquest, when the various calamities of Alexandria from the time of Caesar to that of Diocletian are considered, together with the disgraceful pillage of the library in A.D. 389 under the rule of the Christian bishop, Theophilus, acting on Theodosius decree concerning pagan monumcnts (see LIBRARIES: Ancient History). The story of Abulfaragius runs as follows:-- John the Grammarian, a famous Peripatetic philosopher, being in Alexandria at the time of its capture, and in high favour with Amr, begged that he would give him the royal library. Amr told him that it was not in his power to grant such a request, but promised to write to the caliph for his consent. Omar, on hearing the request of his general, is said to have replied that if those books contained the same doctrine with the Koran, they could be of no use, since the Koran contained all necessary truths; but if they contained anything contrary to that book, they ought to be destroyed; and therefore, whatever their contents were, he ordered them to be burnt. Pursuant to this order, they were distributed among the public baths, of which there was a large number in the city, where, for six months, they served to supply the fires. Shortly after its capture Alexandria again fell into the hands of the Greeks, who took advantage of Amrs absence with the greater portion of his army. On hearing what had happened, however, Amr returned, and quickly regained possession of the city. About the year 646 Amr was deprived of his government by the caliph Othman. The Egyptians, by whom Amr was greatly beloved, were so much dissatisfied by this act, and even showed such a tendency to revolt, that the Greek emperor determined to make an effort to reduce Alexandria. The attempt proved perfectly successful. The caliph, perceiving his mistake, immediately restored Amr, who, on his arrival in Egypt, drove the Greeks within the walls of Alexandria, but was only able to capture the city after a most obstinate resistance by the defenders. This so exasperated him that he completely demolished its fortifications, although he seems to have spared the lives of the inhabitants as far as lay in his power. Alexandria now rapidly declined i n importance. The building of Cairo in 969, and, above all, the discovery of the route to the East by the Cape of Good Hope in 1498, nearly ruined its commerce; the canal, which supplied it with Nile water, became blocked; and although it remained a principal Egyptian port, at which most European visitors in the Mameluke and Ottoman periods landed, we hear little of it until about the beginning of the 19th century. Alexandria figured prominently in the military operations of Napoleons Egyptian expedition of 1798. The French troops stormed the city on the 2nd of July 1798, and it remained in their hands until the arrival of the British expedition of 1801. The battle of Alexandria, fought on the 21st of March of that year, between the French army under General Menou and the British expeditionary corps under Sir Ralph Abercromby, took place near the ruins of Nicopohs, on the narrow spit of land between the sea and Lake Aboukir, along which the British troops had advanced towards Alexandria after the actions of Aboukir on the 8th and Mandora on the 13th. This document is part of an article on Alexandria from the 1911 edition of an encyclopedia that is out of copyright here in the U.S. The article is in the public domain, and you may copy, download, print and distribute this work as you see fit. Every effort has been made to present this text accurately and cleanly, but no guarantees are made against errors. Neither N.S. Gill nor About may be held liable for any problems you experience with the text version or with any electronic form of this document.

Who are the homeless Will they always be with us Free Essays

Who are the homelessWill they always be with us? Introduction The aim of the following essay will be to construct a profile of who the ‘homeless’ people are and show how the changes in governmental policy on housing and tackling homelessness have proven counterproductive over the long run, leading to a state where the homeless and their problems have become an inseparable part of contemporary society. To begin with, the ‘homeless’ are a broad social group, ranging from temporary sofa surfers to street sleepers. Indeed, many studies seem to concentrate their interventions on this street population rather than the more significant group known as ‘hidden homeless’ who stay with family/friends (Hilton and Dejong, 2010). We will write a custom essay sample on Who are the homeless? Will they always be with us? or any similar topic only for you Order Now In general, many are a potentially chaotic group who struggle in decision making, and who have or experience (a combination of) relationship difficulties, drug and/or alcohol problems, mental health issues and are often in significant debt. The process by which many become ‘homeless’ can often be through temporary stays with friends or family, which depending on circumstances, can drift into street sleeping if those networks are exhausted (Briggs. 2012). Many also lose their dignity and self-respect in this process which increases their sense of shame, and this makes them quite a difficult group to work with should their circumstances deteriorate. This is why by the time many of those who live on the streets come to the attention of various social services, their problems, including financial, social, individual and emotional are already incestuously entangled and difficult to manage (Briggs et al., 2009). Many develop increasingly unpredictable lifestyles and are sent from service to service; more often than not, they can’t manage this and drift further from contact from services and develop increasingly fatalistic thinking. It is often at this stage that many become targets of punitive systems which often work against their complex circumstances (Leibow, 1993) and, since the 1990s, subject to social control through aggressive social policies and law enforcement because they are seen as blighting community life (Matthews et al., 2007; Matthews and Briggs, 2008; O’Connor, 2007). The inclination towards punishing the homeless population for deviance and transgression is one that is deeply embedded within the fabric of the British society (Carlen, 1996). Increasingly, a tendency to blame the economically and socially marginalized sections of society for their own problem has been noted (Jordan, 1996) and the popular image of these in the public imagination has changed little over time (ibid.). The presence of the homeless population has been rendered as being ‘out of place’ in public space, as it disturbs the otherwise aesthetic and economically ‘revitalised’ urban landscape (Cresswell, 1996; Mair, 1986; Ruddick, 1996; Snow and Anderson, 1993). This has led to the exclusion of the homeless from ‘prime’ city space (Duncan, 1983) because of their ‘spoiled identities’ (Goffman, 1968) and the fear that their existence might in some way infect the former or its inhabitants. This has required the ‘purificatio n’ of public space (Sibley, 1995) either through the criminalisation of basic street survival strategies (Mitchell, 1997) or the re-design of inner-city environment (Soja, 2000). Arguably, this has also led to changes in the way which the homeless are treated. From an earlier ‘malignant neglect’ (Wolch and Dear, 1993) this has grown into a large-scale punitive regime, making life on the streets next to impossible unless one is criminalised and is processed through the criminal justice apparatus (Mitchell, 2001). Having outlined several of the problems which the homeless population has, the next section will provide an overview of the services available to the homeless. The homeless and the services available to them Parallel to the social exclusion of the homeless, a tendency of increasing charitable care has been documented – an increased number of night shelters, hostels and day centres as to provide sustenance and temporary shelter for the disadvantaged (MacLeod, 2002). In the UK, as the British government and urban managers have adopted an increasingly aggressive stance towards street homeless people, this had led to a significant increase in the number of night shelters and ‘direct access’ hostels (May et al. 2005; May et al. 2006). These represent ‘spaces of care’ (Conradson, 2003) in an otherwise hostile environment (Parr, 2000, 2003) and their numbers have been on the increase over the past two decades (Fyfe and Milligan, 2003) as a result of the social welfare restructuring and the decline of statutory service provision for marginalised groups. Even though under the New Labour substantial improvements were made in terms of the services provided and a si gnificant reduction in the number of rough sleepers was made, those remaining on the streets were increasingly perceived as an anti-social behaviour problem (Fitzpatrick and Jones, 2005). What is more disturbing, however, is that among those living on the streets, drug use seems to be prevalent and widespread (Fountain et al. 2003). But even in cases there the homeless have had access to services – day centres or night shelters, it appears that in some circumstances, these might also have a damaging effect (Jones, 1999; Fitzpatrick and Kennedy, 2000; Jones and Higate, 2000). The day centres, to begin with, have been one of the most relied-on services by both the ‘visible’ and ‘invisible’ homeless people (those living on the streets and those staying in hostels, night shelters, relatives or friends) (Llewellin and Murdoch, 1996; Reeve and Coward, 2004; Robinson and Coward, 2003). Historically, the responsibility for operating these and the provision of emergency accommodation for single homeless people has been placed on the voluntary sector as the neo-liberal form of governance took over the welfare state and a crisis of street homelessness ensued (Saunders, 1986; Anderson, 1993). Created as an alternative to the hostels, emergency accommodation also has its own problems to resolve. Shelters, for example, are an important part of the suburban social service delivery system, as they meet the short-term needs of the homeless. At the same time, however, such programs ultimately set up some of the most vulnerable to fail, especially those addicted to alcohol and drugs (Hick-Coolick et al. 2007). In some cases, the shelters could also be perceived as a resemblance of ‘total institutions’ (Goffman, 1961) as far as the deterioration of personhood and self-autonomy is concerned (DeWard and Moe, 2010). In cases where this type of emergency accommodation has succeeded in assisting homeless people with finding accommodation, it has been documented that the housing costs paid by the formerly homeless can be quite high,(Glisson et al. 2001). But the provision of housing services, and places at hostels in particular can at times be inadequate and subject to strict regulation, often leading to the exclusion of those most at risk(Carter, 1999; Fitzpatrick and Kennedy, 2000). To summarise this section, even though the services provided to the homeless by the non-governmental sector serve as a safety-net in order to prevent further marginalisation and social exclusion, their operation too needs to be reformed, as in many cases it is counter-productive. Therefore, their approach and strategy should be coordinated by a national policy which takes tackling homelessness at heart. Unfortunately, as the following section of this paper will show, the current policy approach adopted by the Coalition government has done exactly the opposite – it has laid the foundation for a future social crisis. The contemporary governmental policy on housing and its impact on homelessness In the wake of the global financial crisis, the newly elected Conservative-Liberal Coalition Government announced ?2.5 billion of cuts in housing benefit, most of which affect LHA recipients, to be introduced over a three-year period from April 2011. These cuts will progressively exacerbate the affordability problems faced by many private tenants in receipt of the LHA. The government has implicitly acknowledged that the cuts are likely to produce financial hardship and explicitly accepted that they may result in increased overcrowding and homelessness (DWP, 2010). Despite the fact the housing market has had a significant impact on the reshaping of the welfare state (Malpass, 2008; Lowe, 2004; Malpass, 2005; Mullins and Murie, 2006), the current governmental policy will likely have serious long-term negative effects on the poorest sections of the population, for whom welfare benefits, social housing and the private rented sector have played the role of a safety net (The Guardian, 26th May 2010; Fitzpartick and Pawson, 2007; Kemp, 2011; Hills, 2007; Kemp, 2004). According to the DCLG, between July 1st and 30th Sept 2012, 13,890 were accepted as owed a main homeless duty – an increase of 11% since the referral for the same period in the previous year. In temporary accommodation, 52,960 households were accepted until 30th Sept 2012, an increase of 8% when compared to the previous year. The Number of households in BB hotels rose to 4,350, an increase of 29% since the previous year (DCLG, 2012). The housing charity Shelter also released statistics that indicate a sharp increase in demand for help among people who are at risk of being homeless – the organisation has seen an increase of 80% over a three-year period in the number of people who have used its hotline. Of these, 23,086 were assisted in some way by the hotline in the 12 month period to the end of September 2012, compared with 12,852 in the twelve month period leading up to September 2010 (Evening Standard, 30th Nov 2012). The recession has also had an impact on the mainstream housing market. A report by Shelter (2013) indicates that the number of people who have experienced difficulties in paying their rent or mortgage each month has risen by 44% over the past year, reaching 7.8million. Of these, short of a million people used payday loans in order to pay their rent or mortgage and another 2.8 million people used an unauthorised overdraft in order to pay their rent or mortgage, with 10% of all doing this every month. With this in mind and the cuts in government funding to councils, it is hardly surprising why London is experiencing such as severe crisis in terms of housing, a problem which has led to the adoption of radical measures. A research by the Guardian (4th Nov 2012) showed that many councils in the metropolis are acquiring properties across the UK for vulnerable families – among those areas being Luton, Windsor Slough, Margate and as far away as Manchester, Derby, Hull and Birmingham. Similar are the findings of a report by the Child Poverty Action Group and Lasa, which predicts that 124,480 London households will be hit by a combination of Local Housing Allowance and under-occupational penalties. Seventeen of all London councils were already in the process of outsourcing families from the metropolis and had secured or were considering temporary accommodation outside of London for future use. Among these were Kensington and Chelsea, which had moved homeless families to Manchester and Slough; Waltham Forest, which acquired properties in Luton, Margate and Harlow; Brent, which had relocated several households to Hastings; Tower Hamlets, which had relocated a handful of families to Northampton; Hackney, which was also ‘reluctantly looking to procure accommodation outside London’ (Landlord Today, 6th Nov 2012) and Newham (Newham LBC, 5th Nov 2012). The restricted funding of councils has led to a significant reliance on the third sector to provide a temporary solution to the problem by transferring the homeless in other boroughs and to the hands of private landlords. Some of the boroughs, however, have been hit worse than others, or so it seems. The assumption that many asylum seekers and economic migrants move to Croydon has led to the transfer of ‘problematic populations’ into another borough – Lewisham, which is in the process of building more council homes in order to meet the demand (East London Lines, 14th July, 2012). The total number of homeless families in Croydon by the end of 2011 was 1,600, of which 300 were living in BB accommodation (East London Lines, 29th Nov 2011). If these statistics are correct, then, a third of all homeless families that are put in BB for longer than the recommended six-week period in London are situated in a single borough! (London 24, 30th Jan 2013). What has caused the problemAccording to councils, it is the withdrawal of private landlords from the social housing market which has forced them to place more and more homeless people in bed and breakfast accommodation (24 Dash, 30th Jan 2013). Thus, the search for affordable housing outside the boroughs is justified, as the budget allocated for temporary housing cannot be stretched to cover an increasing demand – in Croydon, the number of families living in temporary accommodation has increased by 30%, compared to an overall 5% increase in London over the past year (East London Lines, 23rd Jan 2013). Even though some attempts are made to improve the current situation – bringing abandoned properties back in use or the conversion of redundant council properties (The Information Daily, 22nd Jan 2013), such measures will hardly solve anything in the long-term, especially when working families, ex-servicemen, and community volunteers are considered of priority need for council accommodation, and not the homeless or the destitute (Guardian, 9th Nov 2012). In the words of Kay Boycott, the CEO of Shelter, ‘the fact that councils are offering people homes hundreds of miles away – uprooting families from schools, communities and jobs – is testament to the scale of London’s housing crisis’ (East London Lines, 29th Nov 2011). Conclusion The aim of this essay was to provide an overview of the profile of homeless people, draw attention to their problems and demonstrate how the recent changes in governmental policy in terms of housing and welfare provision have not provided a solution to homelessness, but have rather contributed to the problem, ultimately leading to a state where the homeless and their problems have become an inseparable part of contemporary society. As it was demonstrated, the ‘homeless’ as a social group has been considered a problematic section of society for a significant period of time. Although a safety-net of services exists and the majority of them are provided by the third sector, the pressure for meeting targets in order to secure funding could potentially lead to excluding those, who are considered to be of ‘high risk’. The current strategy adopted by the Coalition government has done little to tackle any of the causes which lead to homelessness, but has rather adop ted a reactive approach, which most likely will prove to be counterproductive in the long run (WCC, 2013). In order for the problem of homelessness to be successfully resolved, however, a new approach should be adopted, one that is drawn from good practice, informed by high quality research and does not prioritise the needs of its beneficiaries (in this case the homeless) over populist discourses. Bibliography 24 Dash, 30th Jan 2013. Available at: http://www.24dash.com/news/housing/2013-01-30-Give-private-landlords-tax-relief-to-relieve-homelessness-crisis Anderson, I. 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Surrogate Decision Making

Question: Discuss about the Surrogate Decision Making. Answer: Introduction Every human being wishes to lead a normal life without disability. One reason why no one wants to be disabled is because of shame. Many at times, the society has been looking down upon the disabled because, unlike the rest of the people, the disabled are perceived as less important people who have no significant contributions to make to the community. This is exactly what befalls amputees after losing a limb. Apart from enduring agonizing pains, the amputees battle stress and trauma necessitated by the feeling of prejudice, neglect and loss of independence (Parvaneh, Grewal, Grewal, Menzies, Talal, Armstrong, Sternberg Najafi 2014). So, to improve the living conditions of the amputees, it is upon the society to come up and do something. This is why we, as an organization, have decided to inaugurate this project to challenge the status quo. However, to do so, we need a full support of all the concerned stakeholders. Project Objectives The major objective of this project is to introduce a highly developed artificial limb to improve the quality of life of the amputees. The organization is deeply concerned about the shame and stereotypes put on the amputees by the society as a result of limb losses. This is what the organization will put all the efforts to eradicate. Approach and Methods To ultimately address the plight of the amputees is not a simple task. It requires dedication, commitment and team work (Tanosaki, Shimizu, Lian, Jurchak Patel 2014). Since the main objective of the project is to bring happiness to the amputees, it is reasonable that we will adopt the following approach: Develop a device called LimbMaster that will be a break from the past. For a very long time, amputees have had to use artificial limbs that make them uncomfortable because of poor pain reduction and incorrect fitness (Yoo 2014). The poor status of the artificial limbs has been causing a lot of trauma to the amputees. However, with the coming of this project, amputees will get a lifetime opportunity to transform and improve the quality of their lives by using computer technology to design, develop and supply the easy-to-use, comfortable, safe and correctly fitted artificial limbs-LimbMaster (Newcombe, Dewar, Blunn Fromme 2013). Proposed Budget for LimbMaster ITEM COST (A$) Materials 400,000 Salaries and Wages 150,000 Computers and Software 150,000 Research 150,000 Marketing and Public Awareness 100,000 Logistics 40,000 Others 10,000 TOTAL 1,000,000 References Gaunaurd, I., Spaulding, S.E., Amtmann, D., Salem, R., Gailey, R., Morgan, S.J. Hafner, B.J., 2015. Use of and confidence in administering outcome measures among clinical prosthetists: Results from a national survey and mixed-methods training program. Prosthetics and orthotics international, 39(4), pp.314-321. Newcombe, L., Dewar, M., Blunn, G.W. and Fromme, P., 2013. Effect of amputation level on the stress transferred to the femur by an artificial limb directly attached to the bone. Medical engineering physics, 35(12), pp.1744-1753. Parvaneh, S., Grewal, G.S., Grewal, E., Menzies, R.A., Talal, T.K., Armstrong, D.G., Sternberg, E. Najafi, B., 2014. Stressing the dressing: Assessing stress during wound care in real-time using wearable sensors. Wound Medicine, 4, pp.21-26. Tanosaki, M., Shimizu, N., Lian, C.G., Jurchak, M. Patel, V., 2014. Purpura Fulminans Managed with Multi-Limb Amputation: Substituted Judgment and Surrogate Decision-Making in the Surgical Management of Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections. Surgical infections, 15(6), pp.853-856. Yoo, S., 2014. Complications following an amputation. Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America, 25(1), pp.169-178.