Marketing Management Project wk4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Showcasing Management Project wk4 - Essay Example This objective market spares entrepreneurs from sitting around idly and cash, among different assets, while attempting to offer their items to individuals who don't require them. All organizations need an advertising methodology in order to think their endeavors to the correct channels of producing pay. A decent showcasing system is significant in guaranteeing that the objective market is completely caught and buys the introduced item or administration. To comprehend a market and the effect of an item or administration on it, a few strategies can be applied in examining a business. These strategies make a circumstance investigation. The circumstance investigation is a key part of an advertising plan and ought to be painstakingly thought on and done. For the administration being referred to, which includes the flexibly of reading material like substance to understudies on the web, a huge bit of the objective market is comprised of younger students, and explicitly the individuals who approach a PC with a web association. This market comprises youngsters and youthful grown-ups who want to understand course readings yet have practically no entrance the printed versions. This site will be available to anybody, implying that the market won't be restricted to a particular topographical district. The qualities of the administration are that it can serve a huge populace paying little mind to topographical area and contains significant scholastic substance that would just be accessible in scholarly reading material. Its shortcoming lies in the way that anybody can duplicate this thought and make their own variant of it, most likely even an improved one. The open doors that exist in this administration incorporate the expansion of expert scholastic materials that can be provided to colleges and schools at an expense. At long last, dangers, for example, previously existing information destinations, among them Wikipedia, are known to numerous understudies who intensely depend on them. Dangers of new contestants into the business division are additionally to be thought of (Wood, 2005). The fundamental contenders of such an on the web

Electric Motor free essay sample

No piece of this work secured by the copyright thus might be duplicated, transmitted, put away, or utilized in any structure or using any and all means realistic, electronic, or mechanical, including however not restricted to copying, recording, filtering, digitizing, taping, Web dissemination, data systems, or data stockpiling and recovery frameworks, aside from as allowed under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the earlier composed consent of the distributer. VP, Career and Professional Editorial: Dave Garza Director of Learning Solutions: Sandy Clark Managing Editor: Larry Main The peruser is explicitly cautioned to consider and embrace all security precautionary measures that may be shown by the exercises depicted thus and to maintain a strategic distance from every single potential risk. By adhering to the guidelines contained in this, the peruser eagerly accept all dangers regarding such directions. The distributer makes no portrayals or guarantees of any sort, including however not restricted to, the guarantees of ? tness for specific reason or merchantability, nor are any such portrayals suggested as for the material put forward in this, and the distributer assumes no liability concerning such material. The distributer will not be obligated for any exceptional, considerable, or excellent harms coming about, in entire or part, from the readers’ utilization of, or dependence upon, this material. Imprinted in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 XX 11 10 09 Contents Preface vi Section 1 Introduction 1 UNIT 1 General Principles of Electric Motor Control 3 UNIT 2 Fractional and Integral Horsepower Manual Motor Starters 17 UNIT 3 Magnetic Line Voltage Starters 23 Section 2 Circuit Layout, Connections, and Symbols UNIT 4 Symbols 51 UNIT 5 49 Interpretation and Application of Simple Wiring and Elementary Diagrams 63 Segment 3 Control Pilot Devices UNIT 6 Push Buttons and Control Stations 81 UNIT 7 Relays 87 UNIT 8 Contactors 95 UNIT 9 Timing Relays 103 UNIT 10 Pressure Switches and Regulators 113 UNIT 11 Float Switches 117 UNIT 12 Flow Switches 123 UNIT 13 Limit Switches and Proximity Control 127 UNIT 14 Phase Failure Relays 135 UNIT 15 Solenoid Valves 139 UNIT 16 79 Temperature Switches 143 Section 4 Basic Control Circuits UNIT 17 Two-Wire Controls 149 UNIT 18 Three-Wire and Separate Controls 153 UNIT 19 Hand-Off Automatic Controls 159 UNIT 20 Multiple Push-Button Stations 163 UNIT 21 Interlocking Methods for Reversing Control 165 UNIT 22 Sequence Control 173 UNIT 23 Jogging (Inching) Control Circuits 181 UNIT 24 147 Time-Delay, Low-Voltage Release Relay 187 v Section 5 AC Reduced Voltage Starters UNIT 25 The Motor and Starting Methods 193 UNIT 26 Primary Resistor-Type Starters 199 UNIT 27 Autotransformer Starters 205 UNIT 28 Part Winding Motor Starters 211 UNIT 29 Automatic Starters for Star-Delta Motors 217 UNIT 30 AC Solid-State Reduced Voltage Controller 223 Section 6 Three-Phase, Multispeed Controllers UNIT 31 Two-Speed, One-Winding (Consequent Pole) Motor Controller 239 UNIT 33 31 Controllers for Two-Speed,Two-Winding (Separate Winding) Motors 233 UNIT 32 Four-Speed,Two-Winding (Consequent Pole) Motor Controller 247 Section 7 Wound Rotor (Slip Ring) Motor Controllers UNIT 34 Push-Button Speed Selection 261 UNIT 36 Automatic Acceleration for Wound Rotor Motors 263 UNIT 37 Automatic Speed Control for Wound Rotor Motors 269 UNIT 38 253 Wound Rotor Motors and Ma nual Speed Control 255 UNIT 35 Solid-State Adjustable Speed Controller for AC Wound Rotor Motors 275 Section 8 Synchronous Motor Controls UNIT 39 Push-Button Synchronizing 287 UNIT 41 Timed Semiautomatic Synchronizing 291 The course reading talks about electrical and mechanical segments and how they are associated with control various sorts of engines. A wide range of kinds of control circuit and representations are talked about. The content contains an abundance of pragmatic data that will apply to practically any mechanical application.  The content accept that understudies know about fundamental electrical hypothesis and normal arrangement and equal circuits. Electric Motor Control has been utilized effectively for both conventional homeroom preparing and self examination. It is utilized widely in preapprentice and contracted student preparing projects and n sorted out apprentice circuit tester classes. The viable way to deal with engine control makes this a helpful handbook at work for introducing, checking, and keeping up control frameworks. Electric Motor Control gives a pragmatic way to deal with a fairly dif? faction subject. The content is written in straightforward language. Every unit of guidance covers a short, brief subject. Expected understudy learning is delineated in the targets toward the start of every unit. The supplements and glossary give further clarification of terms and overhauling to investigating, which the understudy is urged to utilize. The ninth release contains extended data on over-burden transfers and various refreshed representations. The content utilizes a subsequent shading to feature significant ideas. The ninth release gives an update to a reading material that has for quite some time been viewed as an extraordinary book regarding the matter of engine control hypothesis and viable application. Electric Motor Control represents control frameworks, beginning with the least complex of gear, and expands on it in a bit by bit design to progressively complex circuits. Understudies figure out how to draw and decipher engine control schematics and wiring outlines.

Research Topics Example

Research Topics Example Research Topics â€" Essay Example > An Analysis of Competitive Advantage in the UK e Company By submission Introduction OUTSURGE is an e cigarette technology- led global company that was born out of a passion for innovative technology, design and quality products. The company aspires to research and build up an extensive collection of cutting edge goods that confront the standard in industry and assist consumers all over the world achieve more and get satisfaction. The company is currently facing huge competition from large organizations already established in the country. The major competitor being the e SHISHA Company the largely dominates the market share. E OUTSURGE beginning a small starting enterprise it is experiencing a lot of hindrances to penetration into the market by this the frustrations of barriers of entry by large organizations such as the e SHISHA. With the headquarters in the UK and growing links in various countries the main aim is to be accessible to as many people as possible around the world. To achieving this, the company has to grow its business and reflect positivity to customers, shareholders and society through our products. Being a customer-centered company, the company is determined to build outstanding products as compared to other products already exciting in the market. This will be achieved through research and using new technological equipments. By making sure synergy among various departments, the company is continuously determined to generate a stupendous portfolio of products for all customers. The demand for telecommunication services has increased rapidly during the last decade, particularly in the areas of mobile phone; with increased competition in the industry companies must identify a strategy to ensure survival in the market as well as the control of the market share. This global demand is very much triggered by the globalization of business operations across all industries, and the associated with it labor, capital and resource mobility. At national level the increasing demand for information and communication services comes along with changes in life style and living standards of peop le Literature review How can OUTSARGE an e cigarette company enter into an already saturated market? OBJECTIVES This paper aims at exploring the identifiable advantages that are associated with diversifying production. Benefits realized by an organization implementing competitive advantage strategy. This proposal will also seek to analyze the competitive advantage in the UK mobile phone industry. Also the paper will seek to know how an e cigarette company can successfully enter into an already saturated market like the example of the UK market which is fully saturated with such business. The principal oblige for growth and development in the mobile phones and the information technology industry is coupled with the rapidity of new technology execution, which diversifies the market potential by introducing new services, and up bringing new capabilities to major players, as well as reducing their costs. Further factors affecting the antagonism and growth in the industry are de-regulation and privatization, and government efforts to change the monopoly position of the industry. In order to effectively analyze the competitive analysis in the UK mobile industry, we will appreciate the contribution of Michael porter theory of competitive advantage. In 1980 Michael Porter came up with a practical model of rivalry, based on economic principles. Porter's research on industrial groups uncovered five determinants of long-term industry profitability (Porter, 1985). First is the character of rivalry among competing companies in the industry. This is brought about by companies trying to secure the market share for the largely produced product or service for a small market. OUTSARGE will look forward to establish means to secure its market share through provision of high quality goods. Secondly is fear of additional entry. If there are substantial barriers to entry, the companies in the industry will do better than if the barriers are weak. The e cigarette market in the UK is largely dominated by huge investments companies like the e SHISHA and thus the companies crea te a great barrier for small companies entering the market like OUTSURGE. Another factor is the risk of existence of substituting products or services. If customers have numerous alternatives from which to choose, the industry's profitability decreases (Rothaermel, 2001b), to be able to survive the harsh competition in the industry e OUTSURGE looks forward to diversifying its products market. The e SHISHA Company offers delivery services that new and small companies entering the market may not be able to offer. The other factors are the bargaining power of suppliers and buyers. When suppliers are able to alter the price of the firms input by dictating the prices, it becomes difficult for small upcoming companies to penetrate the market, When buyers have the capacity to determine the product prices or even order of extra services, from the producer it becomes difficult for the firm to increase and sustain its profitability expectations. Large establishments like the SHISHA may be in a position to offer these services such as delivery of goods. This is because the company is already stable. In order to gain competitive advantage in its marketing strategies in the mobile phone industry in UK, OUTSURGE must consider undertaking the following steps; Identify the target market and distinguish it by socioeconomic, demographic, and common characteristics or individual needs that make them the potential customers for the product. Identify other businesses that are going after the same target group. Identify what is different with these companies from our company. Use competitors as learning tools by assessing their business models and imitate their strengths while using their weaknesses to advantage the company. Gain custo mers perception about the company’s product knowledge and carry out necessary improvements. In some cases, the company’s ability to manipulate hurdles to enter and compete in its market becomes an effective tool against new competition, further entrenching the business and preserving its profit potential for the foreseeable future (Caves Porter 1977). Once you’ve gained a competitive advantage, your work is far from complete. Constantly maintain your competitive advantage is essential to achieve the set objectives of the firm. You can maintain your competitive advantage by predicting future trends in your industry, constantly researching and monitoring your competitors, and adapting to your customer’s wants and needs (Barney 1991). Conclusion To achieve competitive advantage and maintain the control of the mobile phone industry OUTSURGE has to put in place SMART marketing strategy. Diversify the market with the current trend of rise in levels of technology. This will ensure that the company is able to survive in the highly competitive industry. References Barney, J 1991. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage, Journal of Management, 17(1), 99â€"120. Caves, R., Porter, M E 1977. From entry barriers to mobility barriers, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 91 (2), 241â€"262, Drucker, R1994. The theory of business. Harvard Business Review, 75 (Septemberâ€"October), 95â€"105. Porter, M 1985. Competitive advantage: Creating and sustaining superior performance, New York: Free Press. Porter, G 1996. What is strategy? Harvard Business Review, 77 (Novemberâ€"December), 61â€"78. Rothaermel, T 2001a. Incumbent’s advantage through exploiting complementary assets via inter-firm cooperation Strategic, Management Journal, 22 (6â€"7), 687â€"699. Rothaermel, T 2001b, Complementary assets, strategic alliances, and the incumbent’s advantage: An empirical study of industry and firm effects in the biopharmaceutical industry. Research Policy, 30 (8),

An Integral Part Of All Modern Societies - 1011 Words

Nikolay Kolev Shakir Ghazi Humanities 2 Dec, 15, 2015 Written works have been an integral part of all modern societies. This is even more so true with the Puritans, whose life was governed by their religious principles. It is crucial to realise to what degree religion is nested inside the Puritan mindset. Their faith was not simply common ideas they shared. For them their religion was the only thing that could be important, it was the basis of their values and communal structure. For example - they left on the journey to america so they could freely worship their religion and to show the rest of the world the moral high ground it represented. This was because of the definite way their faith was structured. They believed in the concept of†¦show more content†¦Consider the fearful danger you are in: It is a great furnace of wrath, a wide and bottomless pit, full of fire of wrath, that you are held over in the hand of that God†. As is to be expected from their religion Puritan writing can be divided into three major categories - religious literature, poetry and journals.All Puritan writing had a common goal - â€Å"To transform a mysterious god - mysterious because he is separate from the world† while also glorifying him. Another important thing to notice that is common between all Puritan writing is that it always has a clearly defined purpose.Looking at their religious literature it’s easy to see that it is actually in fact influenced by their religious devotion(...). Their sermons were usually plain in style as to stay with their original idea and purpose without losing coherency, while also appealing to the common listener as straight to the point and convincing. There are a couple of main themes a sermon could have. It could be preaching to the people who do not share their beliefs with the Puritans. Such a sermon would describe the danger in which nonbelievers are while urging them to rethink their way of life and understand that fleeing to christ is their only salvation. An example of such a sermon would be â€Å"Sinners in the hand of an angry god†. Its structure is simple and

History of Alexandria Ancient and Medieval Period

Founded in 332 B.C. by Alexander the Great, Alexandria was intended to supersede Naucratis (q.v.) as a Greek centre in Egypt, and to be the link between Macedonia and the rich Nile Valley. If such a city was to be on the Egyptian coast, there was only one possible site, behind the screen of the Pharos island and removed from the silt thrown out by Nile mouths. An Egyptian townlet, Rhacotis, already stood on the shore and was a resort of fishermen and pirates. Behind it (according to the Alexandrian treatise, known as pseudo-Callisthenes) were five native villages scattered along the strip between Lake Mareotis and the sea. Alexander occupied Pharos, and had a walled city marked out by Deinocrates on the mainland to include Rhacotis. A few months later he left Egypt for the East and never returned to his city; but his corpse was ultimately entombed there. His viceroy, Cleomenes, continued the creation of Alexandria. The Heptastadium, however, and the mainland quarters seem to have been mainly Ptolemaic work. Inheriting the trade of ruined Tyre and becoming the centre of the new commerce between Europe and the Arabian and Indian East, the city grew in less than a century to be larger than Carthage; and for some centuries more it had to acknowledge no superior but Rome. It was a centre not only of Hellenism but of Semitism, and the greatest Jewish city in the world. There the Septuagint was produced. The early Ptolemies kept it in order and fostered the development of its museum into the leading Greek university; but they were careful to maintain the distinction of its population into three nations, Macedonian (i.e. Greek), Jew and Egyptian. From this division arose much of the later turbulence which began to manifest itself under Ptolemy Philopater. Nominally a free Greek city, Alexandria retained its senate to Roman times; and indeed the judicial functions of that body were restored by Septimius Severus, after temporary abolition by Augustus. The city passed formally under Roman jurisdiction in 80 B.C., according to the will of Ptolemy Alexander: but it had been under Roman influence for more than a hundred years previously. There Julius Caesar dallied with Cleopatra in 47 B.C. and was mobbed by the rabble; there his example was followed by Antony, for whose favour the city paid dear to Octavian, who placed over it a prefect from the imperial household. Alexandria seems from this time to have regained its old prosperity, commanding, as it did, an important granary of Rome. This latter fact, doubtless, was one of the chief reasons which induced Augustus to place it directly under the imperial power. In A.D. 215 the emperor Caracalla visited the city; and, in order to repay some insulting satires that the inhabitants had made upon him, he commanded his troops to put to death all youths capable of bearing arms. This brutal order seems to have been carried out even beyond the letter, for a general massacre was the result. Not withstanding this terrible disaster, Alexandria soon recovered its former splendour, and for some time longer was esteemed the first city of the world after Rome. Even as its main historical importance had formerly sprung from pagan learning, so now it acquired fresh importance as a centre of Christian theology and church government. There Arianism was formulated and there Athanasius, the great opponent of both heresy and pagan rcaction, worked and triumphed. As native influences, however, began to reassert themselves in the Nile valley, Alexandria gradually became an alien city, more and more detached from Egypt; and, losing much of its commerce as the peace of the empire broke up during the 3rd century A.D., it declined fast in population and splendour. The Brucheum, and Jewish quarters were desolate in the 5th century, and the central monuments, the Soma and Museum, fallen to ruin. This document is part of an article on Alexandria from the 1911 edition of an encyclopedia that is out of copyright here in the U.S. The article is in the public domain, and you may copy, download, print and distribute this work as you see fit. Every effort has been made to present this text accurately and cleanly, but no guarantees are made against errors. Neither N.S. Gill nor About may be held liable for any problems you experience with the text version or with any electronic form of this document. On the mainland life seems to have centred in the vicinity of the Serapeum and Caesareum, both become Christian churches: but the Pharos and Heptastadium quarters remained populous and intact. In 616 it was taken by Chosroes, king of Persia; and in 640 by the Arabians, under Amr, after a siege that lasted fourteen months, during which Heraclius, the emperor of Constantinople, did not send a single ship to its assistance. Notwithstanding the losses that the city had sustained, Amr was able to write to his master, the caliph Omar, that he had taken a city containing 4000 palaces, 4000 baths, 12,000 dealers in fresh oil, 12,000 gardeners, 40,000 Jews who pay tribute, 400 theatres or places of amusement. The story of the destruction of the library by the Arabs is first told by Bar-hebraeus (Abulfaragius), a Christian writer who lived six centuries later; and it is of very doubtful authority. It is highly improbable that many of the 700,000 volumes collected by the Ptolemies remained at the time of the Arab conquest, when the various calamities of Alexandria from the time of Caesar to that of Diocletian are considered, together with the disgraceful pillage of the library in A.D. 389 under the rule of the Christian bishop, Theophilus, acting on Theodosius decree concerning pagan monumcnts (see LIBRARIES: Ancient History). The story of Abulfaragius runs as follows:-- John the Grammarian, a famous Peripatetic philosopher, being in Alexandria at the time of its capture, and in high favour with Amr, begged that he would give him the royal library. Amr told him that it was not in his power to grant such a request, but promised to write to the caliph for his consent. Omar, on hearing the request of his general, is said to have replied that if those books contained the same doctrine with the Koran, they could be of no use, since the Koran contained all necessary truths; but if they contained anything contrary to that book, they ought to be destroyed; and therefore, whatever their contents were, he ordered them to be burnt. Pursuant to this order, they were distributed among the public baths, of which there was a large number in the city, where, for six months, they served to supply the fires. Shortly after its capture Alexandria again fell into the hands of the Greeks, who took advantage of Amrs absence with the greater portion of his army. On hearing what had happened, however, Amr returned, and quickly regained possession of the city. About the year 646 Amr was deprived of his government by the caliph Othman. The Egyptians, by whom Amr was greatly beloved, were so much dissatisfied by this act, and even showed such a tendency to revolt, that the Greek emperor determined to make an effort to reduce Alexandria. The attempt proved perfectly successful. The caliph, perceiving his mistake, immediately restored Amr, who, on his arrival in Egypt, drove the Greeks within the walls of Alexandria, but was only able to capture the city after a most obstinate resistance by the defenders. This so exasperated him that he completely demolished its fortifications, although he seems to have spared the lives of the inhabitants as far as lay in his power. Alexandria now rapidly declined i n importance. The building of Cairo in 969, and, above all, the discovery of the route to the East by the Cape of Good Hope in 1498, nearly ruined its commerce; the canal, which supplied it with Nile water, became blocked; and although it remained a principal Egyptian port, at which most European visitors in the Mameluke and Ottoman periods landed, we hear little of it until about the beginning of the 19th century. Alexandria figured prominently in the military operations of Napoleons Egyptian expedition of 1798. The French troops stormed the city on the 2nd of July 1798, and it remained in their hands until the arrival of the British expedition of 1801. The battle of Alexandria, fought on the 21st of March of that year, between the French army under General Menou and the British expeditionary corps under Sir Ralph Abercromby, took place near the ruins of Nicopohs, on the narrow spit of land between the sea and Lake Aboukir, along which the British troops had advanced towards Alexandria after the actions of Aboukir on the 8th and Mandora on the 13th. This document is part of an article on Alexandria from the 1911 edition of an encyclopedia that is out of copyright here in the U.S. The article is in the public domain, and you may copy, download, print and distribute this work as you see fit. Every effort has been made to present this text accurately and cleanly, but no guarantees are made against errors. Neither N.S. Gill nor About may be held liable for any problems you experience with the text version or with any electronic form of this document.

Who are the homeless Will they always be with us Free Essays

Who are the homelessWill they always be with us? Introduction The aim of the following essay will be to construct a profile of who the ‘homeless’ people are and show how the changes in governmental policy on housing and tackling homelessness have proven counterproductive over the long run, leading to a state where the homeless and their problems have become an inseparable part of contemporary society. To begin with, the ‘homeless’ are a broad social group, ranging from temporary sofa surfers to street sleepers. Indeed, many studies seem to concentrate their interventions on this street population rather than the more significant group known as ‘hidden homeless’ who stay with family/friends (Hilton and Dejong, 2010). We will write a custom essay sample on Who are the homeless? Will they always be with us? or any similar topic only for you Order Now In general, many are a potentially chaotic group who struggle in decision making, and who have or experience (a combination of) relationship difficulties, drug and/or alcohol problems, mental health issues and are often in significant debt. The process by which many become ‘homeless’ can often be through temporary stays with friends or family, which depending on circumstances, can drift into street sleeping if those networks are exhausted (Briggs. 2012). Many also lose their dignity and self-respect in this process which increases their sense of shame, and this makes them quite a difficult group to work with should their circumstances deteriorate. This is why by the time many of those who live on the streets come to the attention of various social services, their problems, including financial, social, individual and emotional are already incestuously entangled and difficult to manage (Briggs et al., 2009). Many develop increasingly unpredictable lifestyles and are sent from service to service; more often than not, they can’t manage this and drift further from contact from services and develop increasingly fatalistic thinking. It is often at this stage that many become targets of punitive systems which often work against their complex circumstances (Leibow, 1993) and, since the 1990s, subject to social control through aggressive social policies and law enforcement because they are seen as blighting community life (Matthews et al., 2007; Matthews and Briggs, 2008; O’Connor, 2007). The inclination towards punishing the homeless population for deviance and transgression is one that is deeply embedded within the fabric of the British society (Carlen, 1996). Increasingly, a tendency to blame the economically and socially marginalized sections of society for their own problem has been noted (Jordan, 1996) and the popular image of these in the public imagination has changed little over time (ibid.). The presence of the homeless population has been rendered as being ‘out of place’ in public space, as it disturbs the otherwise aesthetic and economically ‘revitalised’ urban landscape (Cresswell, 1996; Mair, 1986; Ruddick, 1996; Snow and Anderson, 1993). This has led to the exclusion of the homeless from ‘prime’ city space (Duncan, 1983) because of their ‘spoiled identities’ (Goffman, 1968) and the fear that their existence might in some way infect the former or its inhabitants. This has required the ‘purificatio n’ of public space (Sibley, 1995) either through the criminalisation of basic street survival strategies (Mitchell, 1997) or the re-design of inner-city environment (Soja, 2000). Arguably, this has also led to changes in the way which the homeless are treated. From an earlier ‘malignant neglect’ (Wolch and Dear, 1993) this has grown into a large-scale punitive regime, making life on the streets next to impossible unless one is criminalised and is processed through the criminal justice apparatus (Mitchell, 2001). Having outlined several of the problems which the homeless population has, the next section will provide an overview of the services available to the homeless. The homeless and the services available to them Parallel to the social exclusion of the homeless, a tendency of increasing charitable care has been documented – an increased number of night shelters, hostels and day centres as to provide sustenance and temporary shelter for the disadvantaged (MacLeod, 2002). In the UK, as the British government and urban managers have adopted an increasingly aggressive stance towards street homeless people, this had led to a significant increase in the number of night shelters and ‘direct access’ hostels (May et al. 2005; May et al. 2006). These represent ‘spaces of care’ (Conradson, 2003) in an otherwise hostile environment (Parr, 2000, 2003) and their numbers have been on the increase over the past two decades (Fyfe and Milligan, 2003) as a result of the social welfare restructuring and the decline of statutory service provision for marginalised groups. Even though under the New Labour substantial improvements were made in terms of the services provided and a si gnificant reduction in the number of rough sleepers was made, those remaining on the streets were increasingly perceived as an anti-social behaviour problem (Fitzpatrick and Jones, 2005). What is more disturbing, however, is that among those living on the streets, drug use seems to be prevalent and widespread (Fountain et al. 2003). But even in cases there the homeless have had access to services – day centres or night shelters, it appears that in some circumstances, these might also have a damaging effect (Jones, 1999; Fitzpatrick and Kennedy, 2000; Jones and Higate, 2000). The day centres, to begin with, have been one of the most relied-on services by both the ‘visible’ and ‘invisible’ homeless people (those living on the streets and those staying in hostels, night shelters, relatives or friends) (Llewellin and Murdoch, 1996; Reeve and Coward, 2004; Robinson and Coward, 2003). Historically, the responsibility for operating these and the provision of emergency accommodation for single homeless people has been placed on the voluntary sector as the neo-liberal form of governance took over the welfare state and a crisis of street homelessness ensued (Saunders, 1986; Anderson, 1993). Created as an alternative to the hostels, emergency accommodation also has its own problems to resolve. Shelters, for example, are an important part of the suburban social service delivery system, as they meet the short-term needs of the homeless. At the same time, however, such programs ultimately set up some of the most vulnerable to fail, especially those addicted to alcohol and drugs (Hick-Coolick et al. 2007). In some cases, the shelters could also be perceived as a resemblance of ‘total institutions’ (Goffman, 1961) as far as the deterioration of personhood and self-autonomy is concerned (DeWard and Moe, 2010). In cases where this type of emergency accommodation has succeeded in assisting homeless people with finding accommodation, it has been documented that the housing costs paid by the formerly homeless can be quite high,(Glisson et al. 2001). But the provision of housing services, and places at hostels in particular can at times be inadequate and subject to strict regulation, often leading to the exclusion of those most at risk(Carter, 1999; Fitzpatrick and Kennedy, 2000). To summarise this section, even though the services provided to the homeless by the non-governmental sector serve as a safety-net in order to prevent further marginalisation and social exclusion, their operation too needs to be reformed, as in many cases it is counter-productive. Therefore, their approach and strategy should be coordinated by a national policy which takes tackling homelessness at heart. Unfortunately, as the following section of this paper will show, the current policy approach adopted by the Coalition government has done exactly the opposite – it has laid the foundation for a future social crisis. The contemporary governmental policy on housing and its impact on homelessness In the wake of the global financial crisis, the newly elected Conservative-Liberal Coalition Government announced ?2.5 billion of cuts in housing benefit, most of which affect LHA recipients, to be introduced over a three-year period from April 2011. These cuts will progressively exacerbate the affordability problems faced by many private tenants in receipt of the LHA. The government has implicitly acknowledged that the cuts are likely to produce financial hardship and explicitly accepted that they may result in increased overcrowding and homelessness (DWP, 2010). Despite the fact the housing market has had a significant impact on the reshaping of the welfare state (Malpass, 2008; Lowe, 2004; Malpass, 2005; Mullins and Murie, 2006), the current governmental policy will likely have serious long-term negative effects on the poorest sections of the population, for whom welfare benefits, social housing and the private rented sector have played the role of a safety net (The Guardian, 26th May 2010; Fitzpartick and Pawson, 2007; Kemp, 2011; Hills, 2007; Kemp, 2004). According to the DCLG, between July 1st and 30th Sept 2012, 13,890 were accepted as owed a main homeless duty – an increase of 11% since the referral for the same period in the previous year. In temporary accommodation, 52,960 households were accepted until 30th Sept 2012, an increase of 8% when compared to the previous year. The Number of households in BB hotels rose to 4,350, an increase of 29% since the previous year (DCLG, 2012). The housing charity Shelter also released statistics that indicate a sharp increase in demand for help among people who are at risk of being homeless – the organisation has seen an increase of 80% over a three-year period in the number of people who have used its hotline. Of these, 23,086 were assisted in some way by the hotline in the 12 month period to the end of September 2012, compared with 12,852 in the twelve month period leading up to September 2010 (Evening Standard, 30th Nov 2012). The recession has also had an impact on the mainstream housing market. A report by Shelter (2013) indicates that the number of people who have experienced difficulties in paying their rent or mortgage each month has risen by 44% over the past year, reaching 7.8million. Of these, short of a million people used payday loans in order to pay their rent or mortgage and another 2.8 million people used an unauthorised overdraft in order to pay their rent or mortgage, with 10% of all doing this every month. With this in mind and the cuts in government funding to councils, it is hardly surprising why London is experiencing such as severe crisis in terms of housing, a problem which has led to the adoption of radical measures. A research by the Guardian (4th Nov 2012) showed that many councils in the metropolis are acquiring properties across the UK for vulnerable families – among those areas being Luton, Windsor Slough, Margate and as far away as Manchester, Derby, Hull and Birmingham. Similar are the findings of a report by the Child Poverty Action Group and Lasa, which predicts that 124,480 London households will be hit by a combination of Local Housing Allowance and under-occupational penalties. Seventeen of all London councils were already in the process of outsourcing families from the metropolis and had secured or were considering temporary accommodation outside of London for future use. Among these were Kensington and Chelsea, which had moved homeless families to Manchester and Slough; Waltham Forest, which acquired properties in Luton, Margate and Harlow; Brent, which had relocated several households to Hastings; Tower Hamlets, which had relocated a handful of families to Northampton; Hackney, which was also ‘reluctantly looking to procure accommodation outside London’ (Landlord Today, 6th Nov 2012) and Newham (Newham LBC, 5th Nov 2012). The restricted funding of councils has led to a significant reliance on the third sector to provide a temporary solution to the problem by transferring the homeless in other boroughs and to the hands of private landlords. Some of the boroughs, however, have been hit worse than others, or so it seems. The assumption that many asylum seekers and economic migrants move to Croydon has led to the transfer of ‘problematic populations’ into another borough – Lewisham, which is in the process of building more council homes in order to meet the demand (East London Lines, 14th July, 2012). The total number of homeless families in Croydon by the end of 2011 was 1,600, of which 300 were living in BB accommodation (East London Lines, 29th Nov 2011). If these statistics are correct, then, a third of all homeless families that are put in BB for longer than the recommended six-week period in London are situated in a single borough! (London 24, 30th Jan 2013). What has caused the problemAccording to councils, it is the withdrawal of private landlords from the social housing market which has forced them to place more and more homeless people in bed and breakfast accommodation (24 Dash, 30th Jan 2013). Thus, the search for affordable housing outside the boroughs is justified, as the budget allocated for temporary housing cannot be stretched to cover an increasing demand – in Croydon, the number of families living in temporary accommodation has increased by 30%, compared to an overall 5% increase in London over the past year (East London Lines, 23rd Jan 2013). Even though some attempts are made to improve the current situation – bringing abandoned properties back in use or the conversion of redundant council properties (The Information Daily, 22nd Jan 2013), such measures will hardly solve anything in the long-term, especially when working families, ex-servicemen, and community volunteers are considered of priority need for council accommodation, and not the homeless or the destitute (Guardian, 9th Nov 2012). In the words of Kay Boycott, the CEO of Shelter, ‘the fact that councils are offering people homes hundreds of miles away – uprooting families from schools, communities and jobs – is testament to the scale of London’s housing crisis’ (East London Lines, 29th Nov 2011). Conclusion The aim of this essay was to provide an overview of the profile of homeless people, draw attention to their problems and demonstrate how the recent changes in governmental policy in terms of housing and welfare provision have not provided a solution to homelessness, but have rather contributed to the problem, ultimately leading to a state where the homeless and their problems have become an inseparable part of contemporary society. As it was demonstrated, the ‘homeless’ as a social group has been considered a problematic section of society for a significant period of time. Although a safety-net of services exists and the majority of them are provided by the third sector, the pressure for meeting targets in order to secure funding could potentially lead to excluding those, who are considered to be of ‘high risk’. The current strategy adopted by the Coalition government has done little to tackle any of the causes which lead to homelessness, but has rather adop ted a reactive approach, which most likely will prove to be counterproductive in the long run (WCC, 2013). In order for the problem of homelessness to be successfully resolved, however, a new approach should be adopted, one that is drawn from good practice, informed by high quality research and does not prioritise the needs of its beneficiaries (in this case the homeless) over populist discourses. Bibliography 24 Dash, 30th Jan 2013. Available at: http://www.24dash.com/news/housing/2013-01-30-Give-private-landlords-tax-relief-to-relieve-homelessness-crisis Anderson, I. (1993) Housing policy and street homelessness in Britain. Housing Studies 8(1): 17-28. Briggs, D. (2012) Crack cocaine users: High Society and Low Life in South London, London: Routledge. Briggs, D. Rhodes, T., Marks, D., Kimber, J., Holloway, G., and Jones, S. (2009) ‘Injecting drug use, unstable housing, and the scope for structural interventions’ in Drugs, Education, Prevention and Policy, Vol 15 (5): 436-450. Carlen, P. (1996) Jigsaw: a Political Criminology of Youth Homelessness. Buckingham: Open University Press. Carter, M. (1999), Falling Off The First Rung: Tackling Exclusions from Birmingham’s Direct Access Hostels, Birmingham: Birmingham’s Homeless and Roofless Partnership. Conradson, D. (2003) Spaces of care in the city: the place of a community drop-in centre. Social and Cultural Geography, Vol. 4: 507-525. Cresswell, T. (1996) In Place/Out of Place: Geography, Identity and Transgression. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Department for Communities and Local Government, 2012. Statutory Homelessness. DeWard, S. and Moe, A. (2010) ‘Like a prison!’ Homeless women’s narratives of surviving shelter. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, Vol. 37(1): 115-135. Duncan, J. (1983) Men without property: the tramp’s classification and use of urban space (pp.86-102), in Lake, R. W. (ed) Readings in Urban Analysis: Perspectives on Urban Form and Structure. New Brunswick, NJ: Centre for Urban Policy Research. DWP (2010) The Local Authority Omnibus Survey – Wave 20, August 2010. East London Lines, 29th Nov 2011. Available at: http://www.eastlondonlines.co.uk/2011/11/croydon-council-plans-to-relocate-homeless-is-refuted-by-northern-councils-who-dont-have-surplus-housing/ East London Lines, 14th July, 2012. Available at: http://www.eastlondonlines.co.uk/2012/07/croydon-moves-homeless-out-of-borough-as-lewisham-builds-new-homes/ East London Lines, 23rd Jan 2013. Available at: http://www.eastlondonlines.co.uk/2013/01/council-combats-homelessness-by-moving-families-outside-the-borough/ Evening Standard, 30th Nov 2012. Available at: http://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/homeless-surge-could-reach-1980s-levels-in-london-says-big-issue-founder-8371750.html Fitzpatrick, S. and Jones, A. (2005) Pursuing Social Justice or Social CohesionCoercion in Street Homelessness Policies in England. Journal of Social Policy, Vol. 34(3): 389-406. Fitzpatrick, S. and Kennedy, C. (2000), Getting By: Begging, Rough Sleeping and The Big Issue in Glasgow and Edinburgh. Bristol: The Policy Press. Fitzpatrick, S. and Kennedy, C. (2001) The links between begging and rough sleeping: a question of legitimacyHousing Studies, Vol. 16: 549–568. Fitzpatrick, S. and Pawson, H. (2007) Welfare Safety Net or Tenure of ChoiceThe Dilemma Facing Social Housing Policy in England. Housing Studies, Vol. 22(2): 163-182 Fountain, J., Howes, S., Marsden, J., Taylor, C. and Strang, J. (2003) Drug and Alcohol Use and the Link with Homelessness: Results from a Survey of Homeless People in London. Addiction Research and Theory, Vol. 11(4): 245-56. Fyfe N. and Milligan C. (2003) Out of Shadows: Exploring contemporary geographies of voluntarism. Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 27: 397-413. Glisson, G., Thyer, B. and Fischer, R. (2001) Serving the homeless: Evaluating the effectiveness of homeless shelter services. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, Vol. 28(4): 89-97. Goffman, E. (1961) Asylums: Essays on the Social Situations of Mental Patients. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Goffman, E. (1968) Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Hicks-Coolick, A., Peters, A. and Zimmermann, U. (2007) How ‘deserving’ are the most vulnerable homelessJournal of Poverty, Vol. 11(1): 135-141. Hills, J. (2007) Ends and Means: The Future Roles of Social Housing in England. CASE Report 34. London: London School of Economics Political Science. Hilton, T., DeJong, C. (2010). Homeless in God’s country: Coping strategies and felt experiences of the rural homeless. Journal of Ethnographic Qualitative Research, Vol. 5(1): 12-30. Jones, A. (1999) Out of Sight, Out of MindThe Experiences of Homeless Women. London: Crisis. Jones, A. and Higate, P. (2000), Breaking Down Barriers: Meeting Housing and Support Needs in Swansea, Neath Port-Talbot, Bridgend and Carmarthenshire. York: Centre for Housing Policy, University of York. Jordan, B. (1996) A theory of Poverty and Social Exclusion. London: Polity Press. Kemp, P. (2004) Private Renting in Transition. Coventry: Chartered Institute of Housing. Kemp, P. (2011) Low-income Tenants in the Private Rental Housing Market, Housing Studies, Vol. 26(7-8): 1019-1034. Landlord Today, 6th Nov 2012. Available at: http://www.landlordtoday.co.uk/news_features/London-councils-admit-to-shipping-families-miles-away Liebow, E. (1993) Tell them who I am: The lives of homeless women. New York: The Free Press. Llewellin, S. and Murdoch, A. (1996) Saving the Day: The Importance of Day Centres for Homeless People. London: National Day Centres Project, CHAR. London 24, 30th Jan 2013. Available at: http://www.london24.com/news/london_landlords_pulling_out_of_social_housing_market_1_1833239 Lowe, S. (2004) Housing Policy Analysis. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Lund B. (2011) Understanding Housing Policy. Bristol: Policy Press. MacLeod, G. (2002) From urban entrepreneurialism to a ‘revanchist city’On the spatial injustices of Glasgow’s renaissance. Antipode, Vol.34: 603-620. Mair, A. (1986) The homeless and the post-industrial city. Political Geography Quarterly, Vol.5: 351-368. Malpass, P. (2005) Housing and the Welfare State. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Malpass, P. (2008) Housing and the New Welfare State: Wobbly Pillar or CornerstoneHousing Studies, Vol. 23(1): 1-19. Matthews, R., Easton, H., Briggs, D., and Pease, K. (2007) Assessment of the Outcomes of Anti-Social Behaviour Orders, Bristol: Policy Press. Matthews, R., and Briggs, D. (2008) ‘Lost in Translation: Interpreting and implementing anti-social behaviour strategies’ in P. Squires (Ed) ASBO Nation: The Criminalisation of Nuisance (pp 87-100), Bristol: Policy Press. May, J., Cloke, P. Johnsen, S. (2006) Shelters at the margins : New Labour and the changing state of emergency accommodation for single homeless people in Britain. Policy Politics, Vol.34(4): 711–29. May, J., Johnsen, S. and Cloke, P. (2005) Re-phasing neo-liberalism: New Labour and Britain’s crisis of street homelessness. Antipode 37 (4): 703-30 Mitchell, D. (1997) The annihilation of space by law: the roots and implications of anti-homeless laws in the United States. Antipode Vol. 29: 303-336. Mitchell, D. (2001) Postmodern geographical praxisThe postmodern impulse and the way against the homeless in the ‘‘post-justice’’ city (pp. 57-92), in Minca, C. (ed) Postmodern Geography: Theory and Praxis. London: Blackwell. Mullins, D. and Murie, A. (2006) Housing policy in the UK. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Newham LBC, 5th Nov 2012. Available at: http://www.lbc.co.uk/councils-ship-homeless-families-out-of-london-62375 O’Connor, E. (2007) The Cruel and Unusual Criminalization of Homelessness: Factoring Individual Accountability into the Proportionality Principle. Texas Journal on Civil Liberties Civil Rights, 12: 233-75. Parr, H. (2000) Interpreting the ‘hidden social geographies’ of mental health: ethnographies of inclusion and exclusion in semi-institutional places. Health and Place Vol. 6: 225-237. Parr, H. (2003) Medical geography: care and caring. Progress in Human Geography 27: 212-221. Reeve, K. and Coward, S. (2004) Life on the Margins: The Experiences of Homeless People Living in Squats. London: Crisis and the Countryside Agency. Robinson, D. and Coward, S. (2003) Your Place, Not Mine: The Experiences of Homeless People Staying with Family and Friends. London: Crisis and the Countryside Agency. Ruddick, S. (1996) Young and Homeless in Hollywood: Mapping Social Identities. London: Routledge. Saunders, B. (1986) Homeless Young People in Britain: the contribution of the voluntary sector. London: Bedford Square Press. Shelter, 2013. Available at: http://england.shelter.org.uk/news/january_2013/1.4_million_britons_falling_behind_with_the_rent_or_mortgage Sibley, D. (1995) Geographies of Exclusion. London: Routledge. Snow, D. A. and Anderson, L. (1993) Down on Their Luck: A Study of Homeless Street People. Berkeley: University of California Press. Soja, E. (2000) Post-metropolis: Critical Studies of Cities and Regions. Oxford: Blackwell. The Guardian, 26th May, 2010. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/may/26/coalition-welfare-reforms-duncan-smith The Guardian, 9th Nov 2012. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2012/nov/09/deserving-families-council-housing-priority The Information Daily, 22nd Jan 2013. Available at: http://www.theinformationdaily.com/2013/01/22/croydon-council-announce-plans-to-tackle-london-homelessness Westminster City Council (2013) Rough Sleeping Strategy 2013 – 2016. Available at: http://transact.westminster.gov.uk/docstores/publications_store/13%20to%2016%20RS%20Strategy%20DRAFT.pdf Wolch, J. and Dear, M. (1993) Malign Neglect: Homelessness in an American City. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. How to cite Who are the homeless? Will they always be with us?, Essay examples

Surrogate Decision Making

Question: Discuss about the Surrogate Decision Making. Answer: Introduction Every human being wishes to lead a normal life without disability. One reason why no one wants to be disabled is because of shame. Many at times, the society has been looking down upon the disabled because, unlike the rest of the people, the disabled are perceived as less important people who have no significant contributions to make to the community. This is exactly what befalls amputees after losing a limb. Apart from enduring agonizing pains, the amputees battle stress and trauma necessitated by the feeling of prejudice, neglect and loss of independence (Parvaneh, Grewal, Grewal, Menzies, Talal, Armstrong, Sternberg Najafi 2014). So, to improve the living conditions of the amputees, it is upon the society to come up and do something. This is why we, as an organization, have decided to inaugurate this project to challenge the status quo. However, to do so, we need a full support of all the concerned stakeholders. Project Objectives The major objective of this project is to introduce a highly developed artificial limb to improve the quality of life of the amputees. The organization is deeply concerned about the shame and stereotypes put on the amputees by the society as a result of limb losses. This is what the organization will put all the efforts to eradicate. Approach and Methods To ultimately address the plight of the amputees is not a simple task. It requires dedication, commitment and team work (Tanosaki, Shimizu, Lian, Jurchak Patel 2014). Since the main objective of the project is to bring happiness to the amputees, it is reasonable that we will adopt the following approach: Develop a device called LimbMaster that will be a break from the past. For a very long time, amputees have had to use artificial limbs that make them uncomfortable because of poor pain reduction and incorrect fitness (Yoo 2014). The poor status of the artificial limbs has been causing a lot of trauma to the amputees. However, with the coming of this project, amputees will get a lifetime opportunity to transform and improve the quality of their lives by using computer technology to design, develop and supply the easy-to-use, comfortable, safe and correctly fitted artificial limbs-LimbMaster (Newcombe, Dewar, Blunn Fromme 2013). Proposed Budget for LimbMaster ITEM COST (A$) Materials 400,000 Salaries and Wages 150,000 Computers and Software 150,000 Research 150,000 Marketing and Public Awareness 100,000 Logistics 40,000 Others 10,000 TOTAL 1,000,000 References Gaunaurd, I., Spaulding, S.E., Amtmann, D., Salem, R., Gailey, R., Morgan, S.J. Hafner, B.J., 2015. Use of and confidence in administering outcome measures among clinical prosthetists: Results from a national survey and mixed-methods training program. Prosthetics and orthotics international, 39(4), pp.314-321. Newcombe, L., Dewar, M., Blunn, G.W. and Fromme, P., 2013. Effect of amputation level on the stress transferred to the femur by an artificial limb directly attached to the bone. Medical engineering physics, 35(12), pp.1744-1753. Parvaneh, S., Grewal, G.S., Grewal, E., Menzies, R.A., Talal, T.K., Armstrong, D.G., Sternberg, E. Najafi, B., 2014. Stressing the dressing: Assessing stress during wound care in real-time using wearable sensors. Wound Medicine, 4, pp.21-26. Tanosaki, M., Shimizu, N., Lian, C.G., Jurchak, M. Patel, V., 2014. Purpura Fulminans Managed with Multi-Limb Amputation: Substituted Judgment and Surrogate Decision-Making in the Surgical Management of Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections. Surgical infections, 15(6), pp.853-856. Yoo, S., 2014. Complications following an amputation. Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America, 25(1), pp.169-178.

History Of Baseball Essays (1008 words) - Jackie Robinson

History Of Baseball History of Baseball Baseball seems always to have lived more in myth that in history. Children in England and the United States had been playing variants of the game for years such as rounders, one o cat, and base. In 1845, some young men in Manhattan organized themselves into the Knickerbockers BaseBall Club and wrote down the rules of the game they were playing. Twenty years later dozens of baseball clubs in New York and Brooklyn, and their journalist brethren, had made what they called the national pastime more popular than cricket, and the metropolis had become the countrys first baseball powerhouse. As baseball clubs were transformed into entertainment businesses and instruments of civic boosterism, so grew their need for first-rate players who could attract paying crowds. The remarkable undefeatable season of the national touring Cincinnati Red Stockings in 1869 paved the way for baseballs full-blown professionalization in the 1876 formation of the National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs. Although distinctions between players and their clubs (now really small businesses) had been hardening for years, the National League formalized the division, which has continued until today. (Leal, 7-27) Baseball soon outdistanced other spectator sports in popularity and contributed to the sports boom of the 1880s and 1890s. Late nineteenth-century baseball resembled the Gilded Age business world. Owners moved the clubs frequently, while rival leagues sprung up and competed for players and spectators. The National League either defeated its opponents outright or incorporated them into a subordinate national structure of minor leagues. Not until 1901 was the National League force to accept the American League, the only other surviving major league. Leagues controlled access to spectators by granting franchises. Owners and leagues controlled the players through labor practices that combined elements of chattel slavery (the infamous reserve rule) and freewheeling industrial capitalism: blacklisting, fines, salary limits, and reductions, even the use of Pinkerton spies. The reserve clause, initiated in 1879 and inserted into every players contract, gave his employer the right to reserve his services for the following year, unless the player was traded, sold, or released from his contract. Players fought the reserve rule, most notably when the Brotherhood of Professional BaseBall Players launched its own Players League in 1890. When the players financial backers sold them out to the National League, baseball owners triumphed and ruled organized baseball virtually unchallenged for eighty-five years. They were aided by a series of bizarre Supreme Court rulings that baseball was not interstate commerce and therefore not bound by federal antitrust law. In 1975 and arbitrator ruled that the reserved clause applied for only one year and players, as free agents, regained their negotiating power; salaries quickly reached unheard-of levels. Owners retaliated in 1981 but were soundly defeated by a players strike. (Smith, 124) Then in the late 1980s they conspired (illegally, an arbitrator held) to limit salary offers to free agents. After a twenty-year period of franchise movement, league expansions, and the creation of divisions within leagues, baseball became organizationally stable again in the late 1970s. Attendance grew dramatically throughout the 1980s, more people attended major league baseball games (over 50 million per year at the end of the decade) than at any other time in the games history. Baseball has been Americas most popular sport for so long mainly because it has successfully straddled some of the nations most important cultural divisions. Though it was born among the respectable working class and sporting middle class, the games cultural antecedents lay in the boisterous street culture of saloon-based volunteer fire companies, militias, theater partisans, street gangs, and political factions. The National League explicitly appealed to more middle-class audiences by requiring its teams t o charge fifty cents, ban the sale of alcohol, and refuse to play Sundays. ( Leal ,44) The rival American Association appealed to immigrant and working class audiences by charging a quarter, selling liquor, and playing Sunday ball. Despite the outrage with which baseball officials and writers treat baseballs occasional betting scandals (in 1865 and 1877 as well as more famously in the 1919 Black Sox scandal and the 1989 banishment of Pete Rose), the game has never been completely free of the sporting underworld of gambling and low life. Even though

3 Steps to Acing Your Upcoming Group Interview

3 Steps to Acing Your Upcoming Group Interview You’ve been asked in for a panel interview. Maybe you’re intimidated. Maybe terrified. Maybe you’re not even sure you know what that actually entails. Whatever your level of trepidation, here are three easy steps to getting through your panel interview calmly and in one piece. Step 1: BEFOREYou have the right to ask who will be on your panel. Do this. Then research each panel member to the best of your ability. You’ll be able to figure out quite a bit and prepare better for what each might be most keen to ask you. What does this particular group of people tell you about what the company is trying to assess?You can also ask how long (roughly) the interview should last. This will give you a good feeling for how much back-and-forth discussion will be possible, how much space you’ll be given to ask questions, how long your answers can be, etc.Step 2: DURINGTreat each person on the panel like a person- not just another nameless face. This is not an imper sonal wall asking you questions. Each interviewer on your panel is another opportunity to make a human connection and convince that many more people in the company what a great fit you would be.Be sure to take note of everybody’s name as they are introduced. Write each one down if that helps you remember. When answering questions, speak directly to the individual who asked, but then try and broaden your answer out to make the rest of the panel feel included in the discussion.Step 3: AFTERYou’ve learned their names and made an effort to connect with each panel member- now thank each one of them sincerely with  solid eye contact and a quality handshake. After that, it’s the usual post-interview follow-up procedure. But remember that you need to write one thank you note for each panel member. It seems like a pain, but it’s these little touches that will help set you apart.The panel interview: 6 tips for before, during, and after

Strategic management practise Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words - 1

Strategic management practise - Assignment Example The purpose of this report is to conduct a strategic audit of a real-life organization and on the basis of strategic issues being faced by the organization, the goals, actions and key elements of performance management system to develop strategy are discussed in this organizational context. The report has four major sections, wherein the first section, the strategic issues are identified by employing a strategic audit. The strategic analysis is performed with the help of some strategic tools, such as PESTEL Analysis, SWOT Analysis, and Porter’s five forces model. Then to address these issues, the goals are set in the context of the organization in the second section. Thirdly, the actions are recommended which the organization should take. A strategy statement is also summarized in this regard. In the last section, the key elements of the performance management system are elaborated, which are important to develop the strategy for the organization. To address the purpose of the report, FedEx Corporation is selected. The FedEx Corporation was originated in 1971 by Frederick Smith, where its previous name was Federal Express, centered in Little Rock, Arkansas, and headquartered in Memphis, Tenn. The founder’s business visions have been esteemed all over the years, who always concentrated on providing superior customer services than rivals. During the start of the company, after fronting a number of funding problems, the company struggled and strived for its survival. The company entered into the initial public offerings in 1998, and its renowned itself as the name of FedEx Corporation in 2000 (FedEx Co., 2014). The FedEx Corporation is involved in delivery and shipping services mainly, and also it has developed a portfolio of business. It delivers different services to the different segments of the customers, which are business consulting services or support solutions, logistics services, e-commerce, and mainly

Marketing Plan -marketing stratgy-target customer Essay

Marketing Plan -marketing stratgy-target customer - Essay Example The first step is conducting a market research for the smart home control system (Brethauer, 9). It is important to know who is using the product, who will be interested in the product, as well as the actual people who will purchase the product, and to whom the control systems will benefit. Likewise, an adjustment should be done based on the market results. Moreover, an investigation should be conducted on the competitors of the smart home control systems. It is necessary to evaluate how the new product differs as compared to the competitors’ products. Furthermore, test the new product with focus groups to determine their feedback to the promotions. The use of other marketing platforms to advertise the control system is vital. For example, the use of online promotions on social media like Facebook and twitter, using television spots, the use of out of home advertising is also necessary. The use of website is the most efficient way of advertising because the word today depends on technology. Most people use the internet, a visitor may land into the smart home website, and they will be able to learn more about the new product. It is also necessary to create a public relation program where the press is allowed to review the product, then writing articles to send to the public media, providing interviews to the smart homeowners and allowing them to provide detailed information about the new product. It is also important to hold a launch event. During the launch event, many opportunities are available to present the product to target market. This will bring about brand awareness and people may be interested to purchase the product. Additionally, to evaluate the readiness of the launch to ensure that the timing is coordinated and the product is readily available after its announcement. Also, the smart home control owners should create a marketing plan tracker that will aid in doing regular follow-ups to ensure that all involved persons is informed on the

Role Of Family In Mental Health Social Work Essay

Role Of Family In Mental Health Social Work Essay As a potter molds clay to form a beautiful creation, so does the strong family support and good values does. Family bonds are a link from the beginning and guide to future. Early influences are fundamental to individual development. Everyone wants to belong and feel accepted. A sense of belonging is derived from the strong bond of family. Family is where roots take hold and grow. We are molded within a unit, which prepares one for the experiences of the world and reactions to those experiences. A close family bond is like a safe harbor where one finds refuge. From trusting that someone will pick us up when we fall, as a toddler, to someone being there for us as we experience the storms in life. Family bonds help to instill trust, hope and belief in ourselves. The other hand if family doesnt have attachment, poor relationship, insecurity and anger can lead to negative consequences like isolating, low self image, anger and pain inside them. If one isnt loved as a child, they may later seek love and acceptance in a way that brings them harm. This not only affects the emotional, physical and social well-being. The poor self-image may be with the patients throughout life, causing inability to make positive choices or be close to others. Strong family bonds help us to thrive in all aspects of life. Lack of these bonds can lead to forever seeking that something which is missing and one should not take the value of family bonds for granted. Along the farm duties, family usually faces burdens. Yip (2005) identified three types of burdens in family care giving of persons with mental illness. Objective burdens are financial burdens, time and effort in care giving of family caregivers. Subjective burdens are feelings of loss, shame, worry, anger, and hopelessness of family caregivers towards their relatives with mental illness. Finally, there are burdens in management of problem behaviors like assault, mood swing, unpredictability, and other negative symptoms due to mental illness of a family member. Along with the burdens, there are benefits when family stay with mentally ill person. Often patients listen to their family because they are close to each other and every disease needs cure and family is the major support. They can help their family member to involve in the social and family activities, by involving them in rehabilitation program, encouraging other family members and friends to invite the ill family member to join them in activities and by respecting the need of solitude. Scenario: My patient was a 17 years old female, forth among seven siblings, with the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Her pre morbid personality was that she was always a different child, quite and always thinking. She had no friends and was never interested to talk to her sisters as well. She never took part in household chores and when asked to help, she used to get angry, and never participated. She had a jealousy component in her as the mother always admired her elder sister and degraded her. Before hospitalization she even had hallucinations and delusions. While talking to the patient, she verbalized that I dont like my sisters because everyone compares them with me. Patients mother also accepted that she had always given importance to the elder sister and pointed out the client that she is the laziest person of the family. May be this could be a reason of patients anger, frustration and not having a caring attitude towards family. Significance of family support in Pakistani context: Family support is a very important part of our entire Pakistani nation. Family support is given a lot of importance in terms of family bonding, love and affection. On the other hand there are few families which do not pay attention to this important issue. The family support is important because it effects on physical, psychological and social well being of an individual. In the Pakistani context no such study is been done on familys role in ones life. According to Mansoor (2008) Family system in Pakistan states that each member of a Pakistani family has respect for the older family members. The parents feel responsible for teaching their children the basic beliefs of the chosen religion. Looking at the scenario mentioned above the family has paid less attention to the child because of huge family, house hold responsibilities and low socio-economic system. According to my understanding when a child grows in a close kit family they learn to appreciate all the members of family and nev er hesitate to accompany their elders or youngers in public. I believe that strong family bond serves as catalysis for everyones joy. This is because the family has its rules and regulations and when these rules and regulations are strictly followed it brings joy to the whole family and helps in community building. There is always the belief that good families can make a good society. Strong family bonds create an atmosphere of interference in the affairs of one another. For example a strong and united family the elders do not abandon the family, but they keep taking care of their parents and their younger ones in times of troubles. Significance of family support in western world is on appendix 1. Analysis of concept in the light of literature: During the 1950s, Murray Bowen gave family system theory. Theory affirms that the individual can change behavior if aware of the impact of current and historical family behavior. It works on family as well as on the emotional health of an individual. Bowen summarized his theory using seven interlocking concepts. First three concepts apply to overall family and other four are related to family characteristics. Differentiation of self The concept of differentiation of self measures all human functioning on a continuum from the greatest emotional fusion of self boundaries to the highest degree of differentiation or autonomy. In my patients scenario self was suppressed from the childhood in the result of that her family relationship were not strong. A lot of family criticism was there. Children were not allowed to take their own decision; instead they have to do whatever parents asked. The example is secular studies were compromised and the client was put in Madrasa to learn and recite Quran. As a result the family bonding went down. Her issue were not given importance and taken as a least important person of the family. She was never paid attention for whatever she did; the reason could be huge family, less differences between children and poverty. The continuum of differentiation of self is discussed more in detail in appendix 2. Triangles Triangle is a predictable emotional process that takes place when difficulty exists in a significant relationship, and the third entity is included. In my patients scenario, the triangle has three ends. One is father, another mother and the third is the patient. The conflicts between parents have a great impact on child and that can leave lifelong effects on ones life. In my clients scenario the parents had conflicts between them and research indicates that the longer parental conflict continue, greater the tension between the parents, the greater the likelihood that psychological difficulties will result for children such as emotional and behavior problems, anxiety, depression, sleep problems, low self-esteem, school problems and a number of other difficulties. The example of family triangle is on appendix 3. Nuclear Family Emotional System These are patterns of interaction between family members and the degree to which these patterns promote emotional fusion. In my clients picture she was always projected that she never participates in house hold chores and is the laziest person of the family. This indeed led to low self esteem and hopelessness. Most of the patients develop hopelessness because of shame and guilt of being poor. According to Patel Kleinman (2003) stated that hopelessness is a core experience: it is associated with spouse and family abuse, forced marriages, limited educational and work prospects, stigma for failing to produce a son, and the migration of husbands to urban areas for employment. The family projection process It is the projection of spouses problem onto one or more children to avoid intense emotional fusion between the spouses. This also fits into the clients scenario that because of poverty and low socio economic status parent and child were not able to create bond between them. The economic stressors such as unemployment, low income, and lack of affordable housing, are more likely to precede mental illness.(Hudson, 2005 ) Multigenerational Transmission Process This refers to the transmission of a family projection process. The nature and degree of intensity of emotional responses are passed down from generation to generation. Levels of differentiation are affected through generations based on levels of differentiation of partners as they marry. This was not exactly explored during the interaction but it could be a part of patients illness. Emotional cutoff The concept of emotional cutoff describes people managing their unresolved emotional issues with parents, siblings, and other family members by reducing or totally cutting off emotional contact with them. In my patients case she became isolated from the family. This could be because she has some concerns from the family but they were never addressed and she got emotionally cutoff from it. Siblings position There is an impact of sibling position on development and behavior. Most of the time it is practiced that older child is the leader and the youngers are the followers. My patient follows exactly in this category. She is forth among seven siblings. She never liked her mother to say that be like your elder sister and never liked to follow her elder sisters. (Stuart, 2001) See appendices 4 for the factors left. Intervention: At individual level, a mental health nurse can take time for the patient and encourage them to ventilate their feelings. Moreover, while giving teaching to the patients, nurse can discuss the coping strategies. She can provide holistic care and address the problems and concerns accordingly, as the need of the individual. The nurse can provide the most important informations to the patient that is the need for the understanding their own responsibility. Make them aware of the importance of family support which is necessary for them. The interventions done on the client includes family teaching on dealing with hallucination and delusions that was informal. Mother was given teaching on stress management and coping mechanism. Client was involved in occupational therapy example making sit upon, coloring, drawing, collage work, making bands and so on to see the concentration level and keep the patient busy and asked the family to keep patient involved. At group level family can also involved with patient, to be aware of patients condition and involve them actively in patients care. The individual can be involved in group therapies for example milieu and occupational therapy. Moreover, in Pakistan, organizations should be made which can involve families who have clients with mental illness so that they can share their concerns, ventilate their feeling and reform solutions to problems. Some organization can also work to reduce the poverty and socio-economic instability, which is one of the leading factors of mental illness. At institutional level different groups of health care professional can be train for the risk assessment, can conduct the educational session on importance and role of family in ones life. Moreover, seminars can be held for general public regarding awareness of mental illness, coping skills to reduce stress and to ventilate their feeling. Hence, I would like to recommend that health care workers should be more vigilant towards clients health. At governmental level, organizations should be made to teach skills to clients for earning and to feel them self-empower. In addition, it is role of a nurse to identify the concerns in clients, spend time with the clients for their ventilation of feelings, should not be judgmental regarding clients complains and try to resolve their issues collaboratively with clients, families and other health care providers. My own learning Reflection: Through this paper writing my horizon of thinking about family role has more broaden. I always had a thought that mental illness occurs more often with parental conflicts but it has many other dimensions to look at. Going through different researches I came to know that love and affection are the important aspects which can help a mentally ill patient to live a normal life and when one is deprived from it can end into many other issues. The misconceptions I had before about mentally ill patients were that they are harmful and attacking but now I realized that they are only looking for love and someone to listen them. Mentally ill patients are also human and they should be treated as human beings, this is their right and they should get it. Conclusion: In conclusion, low family sociability, the extent to which family members derive and seek   gratification from social interaction with others along with a lack of cohesion explicitly, the extent to which family members have bonding towards one another is important. Conflicts between family members, authoritarian family styles, the extent to which parents dominate the locus of rule making and low family sociability plays a significant role in ones life. Importance of Family lies in the fact that one can discuss matters with the other family members and search solution from discussions. At times, conflict appears in a family but enough space should be provided to their opinions and views. In modern days, we have seen that joint families have broken up into nuclear families and a nuclear family consists of a couple and their children. In western countries, nuclear families are the norm but in many eastern countries, joint families still exist. Children receive guidance from the family as to what they should do or what they should not do. The Importance of Family lies in the fact that it determines to a large extent the social roles that the children will perform. Family support and bond can help an individual to come out from stressors, mental illness and other health problems. References: Abelenda. J., Helfrich. C., A. (2003). Family resilience and mental illness: The role of occupational therapy. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 19 (1), pge # Edalati.A., Redzuan. M., Mansor. M., Abu Talib. M. (2010). Family values and females psychological aggression.Malaysia Journal of Social Sciences 6 (1), 8-13. Katie M., Rootes.H., Peter J., Jankowski., Steven J Sandage. (2009). Bowen family systems theory and spirituality: exploring the relationship between triangulation and religious questing. Springer science business media, LLC. Mansoor.H. Family System in Pakistan. Retrieved on April 21st, 2010 from http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Hayi_MansoorHYPERLINK http://ezinearticles.com/?expert=Hayi_Mansoor . Marshall.T., Solomon P., Steber. S.A., M.S.S., Mannion E. (2003). Provider and family beliefs regarding the causes of severe mental illness. Psychiatric Quarterly, 74,(3). Mental illness and poverty. A fact sheet. (2007). Florida council for community mental health. Retrieved on April 10th,2010. Nichols, M. P. Schwartz, R. C. (2001). Bowen family systems therapy. In M. P. Nichols R. C. Schwartz, family therapy: Concepts and methods. 5th ed., pp. 137-171. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Retrieved on April 15th, 2010. Patel. V., Kleinman. A. (2003). Poverty and common mental disorders in developing Countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 81 (8). Retrieved on April 13th, 2010. Schizophrenia: The Journey to Recovery. (2007). A consumer and family guide to assessment and treatment. Canadian psychiatric association schizophrenia society of Canada. Retrieved on April 20th, 2010. Stuart, G. W. (2001). Principles and practice of psychiatric nursing. 7th ed. St. Louis: Mosby. Sven.D. (1998). Family ties in Western Europe: Persistent contrasts. 17 Population and Development review, 24 ( 2). Retrieved on April 18th, 2010. Time magazine teen age pregnancy. (2006). Children having children-teenage pregnancy in America. Retrived on april 22nd, 2010 from http//: teenage pregnancy single parent families society and modern ailments rape sexual assault.mht Videbeck, S. L. (2004). Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing. Philadelphia: Lippincott. Yip.K.S. (2005). Family intervention and services for persons with mental illness in the peoples Republic of China. Journal of Family Social Work, 9 (1). Appendices 1: Significance of family support in western context: According to Sven.D. 1998 There are regions where traditionally the family group has priority over the individual and others are opposite, with the individual and there values having priority over everything else. The geography of these family systems suggests that North America, center and northern Europe has been characterized having relatively weak family links. There are indications that these differences have deep historical roots. There is little to suggest that they are diminishing today in any fundamental manner. The way in which the relationship between the family group and its members manifest itself has implications for the way society itself functions. According to my thinking, in western world, families have less importance, may be because of their fantasy world, interference they dont like or freedom they are fond of. In the west, kids are allowed to leave parents at the age of 18 as they are mature and can take their own decisions and responsibility and parents dont mi nd it because its their trend, as a result single parent family comes into existence. According to Jill Francis, of the National Childrens Bureau, There are four main reasons why teen age unmarried girls in Britain become pregnant. The likelihood becoming pregnant as a teen increased if one had parents who were inattentive, unloving, or failed to instill moral values with no family bonding. Girls whose mothers were teenage mums are more likely to do the same. Here the question arises that if this situation will continue, will there be family bonding in upcoming years? It is important for the family to understand the importance of family role in order to save the generation from mental illness, as families role is one of the biggest factors contributing towards mental disorder. The concept of family is somewhere far but those who belief in family bonding are still holding their hands together. Appendix 2: High differentiation Low differentiation Fusion with others. Personal autonomy Blends thoughts and feelings. Distinguish between thoughts Emotionally reactive when stressed. and feelings. Retains objectively when stressed.

Health Nursing

Public Health is the science and art of protecting and improving the health of the communities through education, promotion of healthy life styles and research for disease and injury prevention. Public Health helps improve the health and well being of people in local communities around the world also works to prevent problems before they occur. Public health nursing is a specialized form of registered nursing that combines nursing and public health principles.According to the American Public Health Association, the primary focus of public health nursing is improving the health of the community as a whole rather than just that of an individual or family. Public health nursing is sometimes called a type of community health nursing. Some experts use the terms â€Å"public health nursing† and â€Å"community health nursing† interchangeably. Public Health Nursing provides health promotion, disease prevention, and intervention and support services to women, children, youth an d families living in the Capital Region.Services are provided to individuals, families, groups and communities in homes, schools, health units and community setting Community health nursing a field of nursing that is a blend of primary health care and nursing practice with public health nursing. The community health nurse conducts a continuing and comprehensive practice that is preventive, curative, and rehabilitative. The philosophy of care is based on the belief that care directed to the individual, the family, and the group contributes to the health care of the population as a whole.The community health nurse is not restricted to the care of a particular age or diagnostic group. Participation of all consumers of health care is encouraged in the development of community activities that contribute to the promotion of, education about, and maintenance of good health. These activities require comprehensive health programs that pay special attention to social and ecologic influences a nd specific populations at risk. Basic Principles of CHN 1. The community is the patient in CHN, the family is the unit of care and here are four levels  of  clientele: individual,  family,  population  group (those who share common characteristics, developmental stages and common exposure to health problems – e. g. children, elderly), and the community. 2. In CHN, the  client is considered as an ACTIVE partner NOT PASSIVE recipient  of  care 3. CHN practice  is  affected by  developments in  health  technology,  in  particular, changes in society, in general 4. The goal of CHN is achieved through multi- sectoral efforts 5.CHN is a part  of health care system and the larger human services system. Specific Responsibilities of a Nurse, spelled by the implementing rules and Regulations of   RA 7164 (Philippine Nursing Act of 1991) includes: †¢ Supervision and care of women during  pregnancy, labor and puerperium †¢ Performance of int ernal examination and delivery of babies †¢ Suturing lacerations in the absence of  a physician †¢ Provision of first aid measures and emergency care †¢ Recommending herbal and symptomatic meds†¦etc.In the care of the families: †¢ Provision of primary health care services †¢ Developmental/Utilization of family nursing care plan in  the provision of care In the care of the communities: †¢Community  organizing  mobilization,  community  development  and  people empowerment †¢Case finding and  epidemiological investigation †¢Program planning,  implementation and evaluation †¢Influencing executive and legislative individuals or bodies concerning health and development. Responsibilities of CHN be a part in developing an overall health plan, its implementation and evaluationfor communities   †¢provide quality nursing services to the three levels of clientele †¢maintain  coordination/linkages  with  oth er  health  team  members, NGO/government agencies in  the provision of  public health services †¢ conduct researches relevant to CHN services to improve provision of health care †¢ provide opportunities for professional growth and continuing education for staff  development; http://www. answers. com/topic/public-health-nursing#ixzz2Do73aZIE

How Films Change Perception Essay

There are many ways in which movies or films may become art. Art can be expressed through color, angles, character development, plot, even scenery; or all of these combined. In the movie Il Postino there is a certain art of the film which allows the viewer to become part of the story, to fall in love as the characters fall in love, through the expression of words and moments. This paper will focus on how movies or films help in changing a person’s perspective through the use of characters, plot, scenery, camera angles, filter use, and the overall ambience of a film, mainly focusing on Il Postino. A film is a gateway by which the viewing audience is immersed in another person’s life which includes their family, their culture, and their environment. Due to the relationship which the camera has with the character, the audience feels as though they too have a bond with the protagonists of the film. By extension then, the characters’ life becomes the audience’s reality. The brilliance of movies is that there are so many ways in which to depict varied cultures and for each film there is a chance for the audience member to exchange, expound, and change their own perspective in light of the information they are given from the characters’ lives. It is through this part of the film, the expression of love in its diverse and dynamic multidimensional forms that the viewer is allowed to partake in the film, be hypnotized with the characters and it is this that makes Il Postino an art film, and how it can change an audience members own perspective. Films are not only seen as an art form, but they are also used in a cultural context in order to present to the viewing public historical events. These historical events may be subject to biases such as in propaganda films (D. W. Griffith’s Birth of a Nation) or they may present documentaries in which plan objectivism is the point of the film (i. e. Bush’s Brain). A film does not only transport the viewer into different cultures but gives the world a chance to see the unfolding of history through the perspective of the people who lived through it such as films documenting the effects of Hiroshima’s bomb, and the radiation which ensued directly afterwards with first person accounts. Therefore the lens of history is unclouded with such unbiased documentaries. Films are also a means of therapy and identification. Some films are so profound in their depiction of a character’s life that the audience member completely identifies with that person and a sub-cult forms based on the movie. These sub-cults can be seen with the movies The Godfather, Rocky Horror Picture Show, or even Psycho. In these films an audience member can identify or want to encompass the way of life of these characters to such an extent that they may go and join the mafia, become transsexual, or even become an integral part of the Hitchcock fan base in which pure horror is the objective of the movie, â€Å"Shots of Gothic manors lit by lightening, of shadows glimpsed under doors, or of a hand gliding along a banister, are examples of the ‘spectacular means’ of horror; they are the kind of devices that have been used so often that they have come to define the genre of the horror movie† (White The Poetics of Horror 1). Thus, movies go beyond displaying forms of a culture and begin to instigate their own subcultures. More subcultures will form from a movie that is subjective in which the audience member can come closely to identifying with the main character. The objective films in which an more omnipresent perspective of the unfolding of the lives of the main characters is not warranted to becoming a sub cultural formation but has its own merits nonetheless. In the way in which the main character Mario lives, in his final act of love for the poet Neruda is found this close perspective of the film. It is not because the film is about poetry that makes Il Postino an art film that audience members identify with but rather is it how the characters embrace their own personalities, their own loves and destinies that transforms the film from one of typical romance into great romance. The transformation of these two protagonists is the center of making this film art. Their responses to one another, their paradigm of poetry and love of life allow the viewer that voyeuristic look into the characters’ reality. This is what art does, this is why the movie is art. Even the final act of Beatrice giving Neruda Mario’s tape recorder is an act of poetry, a final salute the two friend’s past. The unfolding of their lives becomes a poignant moment in the audience member’s lives as well since the movie showed a close perspective of the protagonists’ lives. Films also have a heavy impact on a person’s life when the point of the film is to present the audience with propaganda, especially during wartime. In the British side, the official task of the War Propaganda Bureau headed by Lord Northcliffe was to alter the minds of the British into thinking that the war’s aim was to stop the nearing catastrophe the Germans and their allies created. Indeed, the war was molded in that concept and fed to the people. However, the extent of mid-altering and opinion-swaying came to an extent never before imagined. The meaning of propaganda clearly states that it the most legal way of changing the mindsets and perceptions of people; and only a powerful institution can do such a thing, for no individual or government can uphold and spread propaganda without sufficient resources. In the aim of altering or distorting the people’s emotions, a government has to adopt utmost carefulness in order to achieve its goal of merging together all the people’s sentiments and turning it into a national mindset. Propaganda is the intentional, organized attempt to mold perceptions, alter understanding and dictate behavior to garner a response that will suffice the wishes of the propagandist. War propaganda was born in the World War I. In a war, the side which employs a more powerful and thought-penetrating propaganda despite disadvantage in strength and in number, possesses the innate advantage. This was done to maintain the morale at home and be in perfect synchronization with allies abroad. The British propaganda was the most superior and was even highly regarded worldwide even by their German foes. Propaganda, as it was utilized in World War I, was the ruination of the human soul. The British were best at doing such defilement. Lumley (1933) stated that propaganda is the intentional effort to affect the minds and emotions of people. On the other hand, the Germans at the start of the war had experienced the culmination of their government’s own propaganda, the Spirit of 1914, as German propagandists made the citizens particularly the elite classes perceives the upcoming war as a means of unifying the peoples of Europe. By the end of the war, the Germans saw it as a distant memory and a misleading notion. There one could conclude regarding the striking contrasts between the propaganda of Britain and Germany. Germany, as well as the other nations of the Central Powers led its people to believe that the war to be waged was to achieve a noble cause whilst Britain led its people to see the war as a means to putting a halt to the advance of the German militaristic menace. To guarantee that no additional or unwanted knowledge flowed into the public and for the governments to at least give the people some information just for the sake of informing them, all sorts of information were filtered. Information media were tight and under scrutiny. Media, like the newspaper for instance, print filtered news that is sanctioned by the government because if otherwise, they will be the subject of penalties. The government made people read what they only want them to read. For example in Britain, censorship was the key ingredient because newspapers were run by the media barons who were more than willing to cooperate. They helped print headlines which made emotions of the British civilians surge in anger, depicting Germans in utmost cruelty and picturing the German leaders as bellicose bullies. Inevitably, across in Western Europe the same was also happening in Germany, where the authorities propagandized the British as sadistic towards their German captives. In all of the countries, propaganda was also behind the altering of casualty figures which were lessened considerably to make the people optimistic of the outcome. Just as films are maneuvered to present a specific and altered point of view during a war, or a film presents the viewer with point of view perspective of a culture, so too does a film bring forth international cultures that reflect a specific country. This view point can be seen in films such as Amelie in which the protagonist searches the film through for a boy who dropped a picture book, and the reflection of quirky natures of the main characters is portrayed and the way in which the French easily examine sexuality in the film (as in the scene where the man works in a sex shop). Films are not only used to portray and represent different cultures to the audience but they may also be used for educational purposes. This goes beyond the scope of sex education films but can also include driving safely videos, or even military outfits gain instruction from a film on how to survive out in the wild. Despite all of the facets that a film may provide for an audience member; be it differing views on culture, educational purposes, propaganda, the main purpose, and the one that makes all of the others seemingly obsolete is that of the movie’s entertainment value. Audience members attend films in order to escape their own reality for a while, the immerse themselves in another person’s perspective, their reality. Thus, movies perform a function in society of entertainment, of escapism, of fantasy, and that is their main appeal. Works Cited Carrol, Noel. Nightmare and the Horror Film: The Symbolic Biology of Fantastic Beings. Film Quarterly. Vol. 34, No. 3. pp16-25. Spring 1981. Cull, N. J. Selling War: The British Propaganda Campaign against American Neutrality in World War II. London: Oxford University Press. 1997. Il Postino. Blue Dahlia Productions. 1994. White, Dennis L. The Poetics of Horror More than Meets the Eye. â€Å"Cinema Journal† Vol. 10, No. 2. pp1-18. Spring 1971.