The Theory Of Epistemology By Rene Descartes Essay

Rene Descartes believed that true knowledge could only be achieved by eliminating any beliefs that could possibly turn out to be false, and build a new system of knowledge on a foundation of beliefs whose truth could not be doubted. This way, we do not spend every moment of our day, day or our lives questioning everything; from the ground we step on to the air that we breathe. Our existence would be pointless if we had to spend every second of the day doubting our own thoughts, intuition, and experiences. In other words it is not productive to believe that any proposition requires a justification, which in tern is the infinite regress argument. In contrast, foundationalism is the theory of epistemology, which believes that beliefs can be known to be true by simply reflecting on them and that other ideas could be known to be true on the basis of reflecting on their relationship to other ideas, which provide the basic structure for a model of justification. This essay will discuss h ow foundationalism addresses the problem of infinite regress with respect to justification. To understand how foundationalism addresses the problem of infinite regress, we must understand foundationalism to the fullest. Foundationalism regards a belief as justified if it satisfies the following three conditions; (I) it is a basic belief, (II) it is a non-basic belief that is supported by a basic belief, or (III) it is a non-basic belief that is supported by a non-basic belief that is in turnShow MoreRelatedPropelling Rational Thought Over Compelling Empiricism1459 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosophy of Rene Descartes and fundamental empiricism of John Locke’s philosophical arguments, in particular their ideas relating to the science of man, his identity and attempt to explain distinctions between the two. As I lay the framework of my argument it is important to understand the precepts that serve as the underpinning for the views considered by Descartes and Locke respectively. Rationalism and empiricism are two modes of thought that have been adopted within epistemology , the branchRead MoreOn My Way670 Words   |  3 PagesRenà © Descartes was a famous French mathematician, scientist, and philosopher. He was arguably known as the Father of Modern Philosophy. Descartes published many works of mathematics and philosophy throughout his life. In one of his most important works, Meditations on First Philosophy, he added a number of arguments for and against skepticism. Skepticism is the doubt about the truth of something and that absolute knowledge is not possible. Like past famous philosophers before him, Plato and ParmenidesRead MoreThe Philosophical Issue Of Knowledge1237 Words   |  5 Pagesgeneral. Epistemology has been well explained by the well re-known philosophers such as David Hume and Rene Descartes. This paper focuses on a philosophical issue: how we acquire knowledge, the philosophers who explored and talked about it, the concerns available and our present view on the current issue. Knowledge is having information, skills, facts and expertise regarding a particular concern or the world at general that increases the faculty of human beings. Well, in philosophy, Epistemology is theRead MoreA Review Of Protagoras Epistemology1399 Words   |  6 PagesPHIL1050 November 19th, 2016 A Review of Protagoras’ Epistemology in the Theaetetus Plato’s Theaetetus is the transcription of a dialogue between Socrates and a philosophical prodigy: the 15 year old Theaetetus. Socrates, on the eve of his trial and eventual execution, talks with Theaetetus after being told of their resemblance by mathematician Theodorus of Cyrene. Socrates’ purpose in the dialogue becomes a discussion of epistemology, or the theory of knowledge and how it is obtained. Socrates begsRead MoreDescartes vs Locke Essay1191 Words   |  5 PagesEssay (Descartes vs. Locke) Socrates once said, â€Å"As for me, all I know is that I know nothing.† Several philosophers contradicted Socrates’ outlook and believed that true knowledge was in fact attainable. This epistemological view however had several stances to it, as philosophers held different beliefs in regards to the derivation of true knowledge. Rationalists believed that the mind was the source of true knowledge, while in Empiricism, true knowledge derived from the senses. Rene DescartesRead MoreDescartes vs. Locke1175 Words   |  5 PagesEssay (Descartes vs. Locke) Socrates once said, â€Å"As for me, all I know is that I know nothing.† Several philosophers contradicted Socrates’ outlook and believed that true knowledge was in fact attainable. This epistemological view however had several stances to it, as philosophers held different beliefs in regards to the derivation of true knowledge. Rationalists believed that the mind was the source of true knowledge, while in Empiricism, true knowledge derived from the senses. Rene DescartesRead MoreEssay on Rationalism vs. Empiricism: The Argument for Empricism855 Words   |  4 Pagesmethods, in regards to the subject of epistemology: rationalism and empiricism. These two, very different, schools of thought attempt to answer the philosophical question of how knowledge is acquired. While rationalists believe that this process occurs solely in our minds, empiricists argue that it is, instead, through sensory experience. After reading and understanding each argument it is clear that empir icism is the most relative explanatory position in epistemology. To begin with the question ofRead MoreEssay about Rationalism and Empiricism1486 Words   |  6 PagesRationalism and Empiricism Rationalism and Empiricism are most likely the two most famous and intriguing schools of philosophy. The two schools deal specifically with epistemology, or, the origin of knowledge. Although not completely opposite, they are often considered so, and are seen as the Jordan vs. Bird of the philosophy world. The origins of rationalism and empiricism can be traced back to the 17th century, when many important advancements were made in scientific fields such as astronomyRead MoreEssay on Descartes vs Locke1257 Words   |  6 PagesThe study of knowledge, or epistemology, contains theoretical methods in which information is learned. Of these methods, there are two that are most widely accepted. Rationalism and empiricism are also the most widely debated methods of knowledge. Rationalism claims that a priori processes and intuition gain knowledge. Rationalism claims that knowledge is innate; but that it varies among humans. At the other end of the spectrum, empiricism claims that knowle dge is gained largely by experience, observationRead MoreProposed Seven Philosophers On The Existence Of God And Their Development Of These Ideas1413 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosophers are as follows: (1) Socrates, (2) Plato, (3) Aristotle, (4) Francis Bacon, (5) St. Augustine, (6) Thomas Aquinas, and (7) Rene DesCartes. The specific three I want to focus on being; St. Augustine, Thomas Aquinas and Rene Descartes. Lastly, I will proceed to relate their ideas on the existence of God and their development of these ideas. St. Augustine s epistemology is rationalization. In his argument for the existence of God, he is referring to varying degrees of perfection otherwise know

Synopsis Of The Ss - 1114 Words

Name: Tsion Tedla ELA Section: B SS Section: A SPP Monologue Script: Immaculee Ilibagiza Setting: Immaculee is staying at the French camp weeks after her hiding in the bathroom. Everyone was staying outside of a crumbling schoolhouse. They were surrounded by the ten of the soldiers vehicles. Immaculee is telling God about what she went through. Props: Nothing Costume: knee length skirt, a shirt and a jacket Entrance/Initial Action: Walk on the stage with head turned back and say I will be right there, Aloise! Walk to the middle of the room with candle in hand, kneel down and â€Å"light† it, then get ready to pray†¦.. Walk on the stage with head turned back and say I will be right there, Aloise! Walk to the middle of the room with candle in hand, kneel down and â€Å"light† it, then get ready to pray â€Å"You’re the only family I can talk to now, God. I am relying on you.†sigh Many things have been lost to me. I need you to guide me the right way. pause As a child I was innocent, my parents shielded me from the reality of the world. As I grew and that shield got smaller, I started seeing Rwanda for how it was. I saw Tutsi women mistreated by Hutu men. talk a bit faster with sadness and anger They took all of the woman’s belongings including her clothes. Rwandans walked by averting their eyes from the fallen women in fear of getting in trouble themselves. Pause and speak a bit quieter I was forced to do the same. I can still remember the exact day it started sigh. It wasShow MoreRelatedDefinition Of Subjectivity Score And Objectivity Score ( Os )946 Words   |  4 Pagesnamely, Subjectivity Score (SS) and Objectivity Score (OS) corresponding to Kleinberg’s71 hub and authority scores respectively for the WWW graph. Kleinberg not only takes into account the number of links to and from a node, but also considers the relevance of linked nodes. 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Drawing on materials either unexplored or neglected by previous scholars, Goldhagen presents new evidence to show that many beliefsRead MoreHsc Case Study896 Words   |  4 Pagesoxidase activity of HSC phagocytosing apoptotic bodies (Zhan et al.,2006). Fig. 3): Cellular interactions Synopsis of cellular interactions of resident liver cells (yellow) and immigrated inflammatory cells (red) with hepatic stellate cells (HSC) in the process of activation and transdifferentiation to myofibroblasts. The most important paracrine mediators are given, among which TGF-ß has a high priority. ECM, extracellular matrix; IGFBP, IGF binding protein; AcAld, acetaldehyde; ICAM, intercellularRead MoreEssay about Linux Discovery Exercise 1922 Words   |  4 Pagesmanuals man (7) - macros to format man pages man (1p) - display system documentation 2. Use the man program to find out what the -R option does when used with the date command. SYNOPSIS date [OPTION]... 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Objectives of Experiment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 2. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.1 3. Theory†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 4. Procedures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 3 5.1 Preparation of Onion Root

An Analysis of Skills and Knowledge

Questions: write an essay on the skills and knowledge required of students in their specialist degree studies and their future career options. You will therefore need to do some research on the degree course, and on career options for graduates of this course. Title An analysis of skills and Knowledge required to undertake degree studies in management and IT and follow a future career path in business analyst. Introduction Describe the course of study and intended future career path in the third person e.g. Students of Oil and Gas Management generally progress into careers in industry. As such they need a range of skills in working with people .. Definition of the skills and knowledge needed to succeed in this field Here, you need to do research on the career options available to students in the subject and find out what particular skills are required to follow a particular career path e.g. In order to become a Human Resource Manager, there is a need to have strong communication skills. Ways of developing skills and knowledge in this area You need to focus on ways of developing skills in particular areas e.g. There are different ways of developing communication skills, such as regular practice of presentations, public speaking, and listening to other presenters to get a sense of how they communicate. Conclusion overall summary of what has been written in the essay. You should also include some reference to how a task such as this can help students in their future career path. Answers: Introduction Management studies give the student the understanding and knowledge of managing a particular organisation. Studying in this field helps to build necessary skill set which is required to take up various management positions in different industrial organisations. The knowledge of managing a business can be thoroughly achieved by studying management (Alvesson and Sandberg, 2012). Management studies provide the student with the required perspective for business management. On the other hand, Students of IT can make use of the technology to contribute to the organisations. In todays world an organisation cannot run without utilizing the aspects of Information Technology. Thus IT students naturally have great demand in the industrial market. Studying IT lets the students acquire proper skill which ultimately helps them in taking the vast number of challenges and opportunities available in IT industry (Fagoulis and Phillips, 2011). Skills and knowledge needed to succeed in Management and IT To follow a leading career path in the field of management, a student must possess a common set of skills, such as: The student must have proper decision making skills so that he or she has the ability to choose the appropriate method of solving management problems that might crop up in organisational situations (Greenhaus, Callanan and Godshalk, 2010). A basic knowledge in gathering information and thereafter planning a successful strategy is a mandatory skill for a student of management in order to succeed in this career field. The ultimate objective of the planning is to reach the demands and requirements for organisations to achieve desired results. In addition to these, a good communication skill is also a must-have for a management student (Mubarak, 2013). Good communication has the power to motivate the employees of the organisation towards working harder to achieve high-standards and goals which ultimately is beneficial for the organisation. Whereas, to pursue a career in IT field and follow a successful course of career, the basic skills that are needed are as follows: The ability to grasp the functionalities of newly emerging technologies is the fundamental requirement to proceed with a career in the line of IT. IT students should be conversant with the technical languages and commercial terms that are being used in the market. He or she should possess a quality of working well in groups or team i.e. teamwork. One of the most important feature of a successful IT professional is to be able to work well even under pressure (Peate, 2011). This is because IT industries go through lot of changes and ups and downs and that too very frequently. Thus a student need to be confident and self-motivated so that he/she can deliver good quality work in a timely manner. Additionally, communicating effectively is a necessary skill for IT aspirants because it helps to convey a clear and to-the-point message to the intended clients (Taylor, 2011). Ways of developing required skills and knowledge The students can follow certain techniques which can make them be able to take proper decisions regarding management issues. Few of them are mentioned as: avoid delay in taking a step, analyse the pros and cons of all the alternatives, study the requirements of each alternative and thereafter evaluate the resources needed to follow each decision. Some of the ways to improve ones communication skill can be: practise speaking in public, confidently send the intended message in a proper and convincing approach, increase vocabulary, develop a good body language and use good gestures (Tuan, 2011). In order to build a good team, a manager not only needs to give support to each of the members in a team, but also motivate them to work well. Moreover, there should be a practice of rewarding good work. The person should have the capability to set goals and deadlines and convey clear and concise message to the team members. Each member should be valued and treated equally. Ways to improve planning skills involve good thinking ability so that he or she is able to foresee the probable consequences that might result from adopting the strategies, analysing requirements, evaluating resources, set goals, and attach deadlines (MacKenzie, 2012). Thus by following these simple techniques it is possible to achieve a good skill set needed to succeed in careers of IT and Management. Future career options Studying management opens up vast career prospects for students to choose from. Having ideal management and business skills can open up the doors to large industrial organisations and therefore with the right amount of hard work, dedication and knowledge set the students can climb up the ladder to higher and senior management positions (Alvesson and Sandberg, 2012). Moreover, students can learn skills and gather enough experience from the industry to establish their own business. Management graduates can work in various roles in managerial fields such as finance, marketing, human resources, accounting, sales, retail etc. IT graduates can use their technical skills to work in multiple fields such as database, system analyst, software engineering, software developing etc. Other prospects that are available for IT graduates also include technical support, technical author, IT trainer etc. (Fagoulis and Phillips, 2011). Business analysts are the people who can work with both IT as well as the management people. They basically connect with the IT professionals, business managers and users or clients. This means that business analyst needs to have knowledge related to technology as well as management (Greenhaus, Callanan and Godshalk, 2010). Conclusion This paper concludes that the course of management and IT can open up a huge variety of professions. A student having good skill set and domain knowledge in management and IT can choose from a number of career opportunities available in the market. The primary set of skills needed by a student to pursue these careers and also various ways to develop the necessary skills are also mentioned in this document (Taylor, 2011). By following these methods a student can acquire the particular skills to succeed. IT and Management graduates have good prospects with regards to career as more and more business and IT industries are taking over the world. Reference List Alvesson, M. and Sandberg, J. (2012). Has Management Studies Lost Its Way? Ideas for More Imaginative and Innovative Research. Journal of Management Studies, 50(1), pp.128-152. Fagoulis, I. and Phillips, N. (2011). Social Skills for Successful Career Development. RES, 3(1). Greenhaus, J., Callanan, G. and Godshalk, V. (2010). Career management. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Mubarak, A. (2013). Knowledge Management and Management Accounting Decisions- Experimental Study. JOMS, pp.1-14. Peate, I. (2011). Developing leadership and management skills. Dental Nursing, 7(9), pp.523-527. Taylor, R. (2011). Confidence at work. London: Kogan Page. Tuan, N. (2011). Vietnamese Students Employability Skills. IES, 4(4). MacKenzie, C. (2012). Book review: Critical Concepts in Management and Organization Studies. Management Learning, 43(4), pp.461-462.

Kosovo Essays - AlbaniaSerbia Relations, Kosovo War,

Kosovo Kosovo U.S. Involvement in Kosovo War has been waged in the Balkans for thousands of years. Yugoslavia has been divided, reunited, divided again, undergone wars and been through depressions. Each country within the Yugoslavia region has experienced hardships due to a failing economy, poor leadership, and civil wars. In the past few years, a major upheaval in the political structure and the disputes concerning land between the different religions and ethnicity's has caused a civil war. The country and ethnic group of this recent dispute is Serbia and Kosovo. The Albanian Kosovars want their independence from Serbia, while the Serbs consider Kosovo the location in which their cultural and ethnic identity is placed. The United States became involved in the Balkan conflict in the end of 1998 (Kosovo 1). U.S. involvement in Kosovo is making matters worse for the innocent people of Kosovo. Kosovo, a small area in the center of the former Yugoslavia, is playing an important role in the Balk an conflict. In the summer of 1998, the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) decided to launch a guerilla warfare attack on Serbia in attempts to liberate themselves and gain their cultural rites. The President of Serbia, Slobodan Milosevic, is refusing to allow Kosovo to break away from Serbia without a fight. Kosovo is a site of great emotional significance to the Serbs; it is the site of a historic defeat by the Ottoman Empire in the 14th century. From this defeat, Kosovo became the cradle of Serbia's cultural and ethnic identity. Milosevic began an ethnic cleansing campaign in which he killed thousands of ethnic Albanians. NATO forces, as well as the United States, began stepping in in the winter of 1998. The United States made a cease-fire contract with Milosevic, which ended in the early months of 1999 (1). The United States believes that it is benefiting Kosovo by intervening. Many diplomats are saying that U.S. involvement in Kosovo is helping the Albanians because it is stopping th e ethnic cleansing by Milosevic. Another argument for U.S. involvement is that the air strikes against the Serbs will dampen their spirits and attacks against the Albanians. A third argument for U.S. involvement is that it will stop from drawing in other surrounding countries into the war. (1) The first argument for U.S. intervention is easily refuted. The U.S. diplomats believe that the U.S. is benefiting the situation in Kosovo by intervening. The US's main goal in Kosovo is to stop the ethnic cleansing conducted by Milosevic. The manner in which the U.S. is trying to resolve this conflict is wrong. The U.S. began bombing villages and towns in which ethnic Albanians live. This drove out the Albanians and forced them to immigrate to other countries. It seems that the United States believes that ethnic cleansing is wrong, but bombing innocent people is acceptable (Landlay 1). The Serbs are using the NATO air raids as a way to kill the ethnic Albanians. The Albanians are being used a s shields as the NATO forces bomb the Serbs. On one occasion, in the city of Kamena Glava, five hundred Albanian men were killed (Atrocity5). The Serbs are using NATO forces against what they are fighting for. U.S. involvement in Kosovo would be more welcomed if they weren't killing innocent people and instead, helping them come to a peaceful resolution between the two areas. However, the air strikes against Serbia are believed to be Clinton's goal for protecting U.S. investors and exporters. Although the humanitarian tragedies of Kosovo are in the foremost eye of the public, U.S. economic interests are in foremost eye of the government (Landlay 2). The second argument for U.S. intervention can also be refuted. Air strikes are proven to be ineffective in winning a war. This fact has been proven many times in other wars such as World War II and Vietnam. On the contrary, however, air strikes often stiffen the will to resist, as was the case in World War II with the German citizens. Th e Serbs, as history has predicted, have intensified their aggressions against the Kosovar Albanians. This has caused even more Albanians to flee from Kosovo. The Serbs spirits are far from becoming damp. If, once again, history prevails,

How To Get Started With Historical Reenacting

How To Get Started With Historical Reenacting Have you often wondered what it might have been like to actually live in the past? Historical reenacting gives you that chance. Becoming a historical re-enactor requires an unquenchable thirst for history and abiding patience with uncomfortable accommodations and ridiculous outfits. Short of actually traveling back in time, however, there is no better way to learn about history than by living it first-hand as a reenactor. What Is a Reenactor? Reenactors recreate history by portraying the look, actions, and lives of a person from a particular time period of history. Who Can Become a Reenactor? Just about anyone with an interest in reenactment can become a reenactor. Children can usually even participate, although most reenactment groups have a minimum age (12 or 13 is common) for children to be allowed in more dangerous roles, such as on the battlefield. Most reenactment organizations also wont allow children under 16 to bear arms. If you choose an active reenactment role, youll need to be in good health, capable of the physical activity and lack of everyday comforts that are inherent in reenacting. Most reenactors are everyday people from all walks of life, with ages ranging from 16 to people in their sixties. What to Expect From Reenacting Reenacting for many is a serious, but fun, event. Most people take their roles seriously and pride themselves on representing history as accurately as possible. Some people do take the authenticity to an extreme, but most groups welcome anyone with an interest. Reenacting does require a commitment, however, in both time and resources. Reproduction clothing can cost several hundred dollars, and reproduction period rifles as much as $1000. Reenactment, appropriately called living history, also means living under the same conditions encountered during the past. This can mean everything from uncomfortable clothes and terrible food to inclement weather and a poor excuse for a bed. Hard-core reenactors give up all amenities of modern life, from deodorant to modern wristwatches. Reenactment also takes time, but this can be as little as a 2-3 hour event once or twice a year, to a half-dozen three-day weekend encampments. How to Get Started With Reenacting Youve probably thought to yourself that reenacting sounds like fun, but youre just not sure about committing yourself due to time, money, and lack of know-how. Dont let that stop you! Most reenactment groups are very welcoming to new people and will show you the ropes and even outfit you until you can gradually acquire your own kit. In other words, you can try it out and see how you like it. Choose a Time Period and Location What period of history most grabs your interest? Did you have ancestors who participated in a particular war? Do you have a passion for Ancient Rome, medieval fashion, or Colonial America, and the Salem Witch Trials? Find a Reenactment Group Time and place generally work together, so while youre picking your time period, you will generally have a certain location in mind as well. Most people choose a reenactment group that operates fairly close to home - at least within a days drive. Reenactment groups and societies can be found all over the world, although they are especially active in the U.S., UK, Germany, Sweden, Canada, and Australia. Check your local newspaper or reenactment Web sites for listings of upcoming reenactment events in your area. Most large re-enactment events take place outdoors, so spring through fall are very active times of the year for the majority of these groups. Attend a few such reenactment events and talk to members of the involved groups to learn more about their reenactment focus and activities. Choose a Persona In a reenactment, a persona is a character and role that you choose to portray. The persona is sometimes referred to as an impression. Depending upon your reenactment scenario, this may be a real individual or a fictional one who could have lived during your time period of interest. Think about who you are in real life,  or the person you secretly want to be, and translate that to an individual who lived during your time period of interest. The majority of reenactors choose to be soldiers, but even in a military reenactment group, there are other characters, such as wives, camp followers, surgeons, tinkers and sutlers (merchants). The persona you select should have some personal significance to you. Research Your Persona Once youve chosen a time period and character, you need to learn everything you can,  from the way they dressed and ate, to their manner of speech, cultural beliefs, and social interactions. Immerse yourself in the time period by reading books and primary source documents related to the area, and the type of person youve chosen to portray. Assemble Your Kit Reenactors refer to their clothing and equipment as their  kit. Whether youve chosen to be a fur trapper, a soldier or a medieval princess, this clothing and accessories you select for your kit should match your persona. If youre portraying a poor farmer during the Revolutionary War, then dont purchase a fancy rifle that would have been out of his financial grasp. Take the time to fully research your character and period, considering where your  persona  lives, his age, his  occupation, and his social status, before purchasing items which may or may not be authentic or appropriate. If you have the time, it can even be fun to learn to make some of your clothing or items yourself, just as it was done in the past. Final Tips   Most reenactment groups have extra clothing, uniforms,  costumes, and props that they are willing to loan to newcomers. By joining such a society, youll have time to try out your persona before committing to any major purchases for your own kit.

Introduction to the Custom of Sati

Introduction to the Custom of Sati Sati or suttee is the ancient Indian and Nepalese practice of burning a widow on her husbands funeral pyre or burying her alive in his grave. This practice is associated with Hindu traditions.  The name is taken from the goddess Sati, wife of Shiva, who burned herself to protest her fathers ill-treatment of her husband.  The term sati can also apply to the widow who commits the act. The word sati comes from the feminine present participle of the Sanskrit word  asti, meaning she is true/pure.  While it has been most common in India and Nepal, examples have occurred in other traditions from as far afield as Russia, Vietnam, and Fiji. Pronunciation: suh-TEE or SUHT-ee Alternate Spellings: suttee Seen as a Proper Finale to a Marriage According to custom, Hindu sati was supposed to be voluntary, and often it was seen as the proper finale to a marriage. It was considered to be the signature act of a dutiful wife, who would want to follow her husband into the afterlife. However, many accounts exist of women who were forced to go through with the rite. They may have been drugged, thrown into the fire, or tied up before being placed on the pyre or into the grave. In addition, the strong societal pressure was exerted on women to accept sati, particularly if they had no surviving children to support them. A widow had no social standing in traditional society and was considered a drag on resources. It was almost unheard-of for a woman to remarry after her husbands death, so even very young widows were expected to kill themselves. History of Sati Sati first appears in the historical record during the reign of the Gupta Empire, c. 320 to 550 CE.  Thus, it may be a relatively recent innovation in the extremely long history of Hinduism. During the Gupta period, incidents of sati began to be recorded with inscribed memorial stones, first in Nepal in 464 CE, and then in Madhya Pradesh from 510 CE. The practice spread to Rajasthan, where it has happened most frequently over the centuries. Initially, sati seems to have been limited to royal and noble families from the Kshatriya caste (warriors and princes). Gradually, however, it percolated down into the lower castes. Some areas such as Kashmir became particularly known for the prevalence of sati among people of all classes and stations in life. It seems to have really taken off between the 1200s and 1600s CE. As the Indian Ocean trade routes brought Hinduism to Southeast Asia, the practice of sati also moved into new lands during the 1200s to 1400s. An Italian missionary and traveler recorded that widows in the Champa kingdom of what is now Vietnam practiced sati in the early 1300s. Other medieval travelers found the custom in Cambodia, Burma, the Philippines, and parts of what is now Indonesia, particularly on the islands of Bali, Java, and Sumatra. In Sri Lanka, interestingly, sati was practiced only by queens; ordinary women were not expected to join their husbands in death. The Banning of Sati Under the rule of the Muslim Mughal emperors, sati was banned more than once. Akbar the Great first outlawed the practice around the year 1500; Aurangzeb tried to end it again in 1663, after a trip to Kashmir where he witnessed it. During the European  colonial period, Britain, France, and the Portuguese all tried to stamp out the practice of sati. Portugal outlawed it in Goa as early as 1515. The British East India Company imposed a ban on sati in the city of Calcutta only in 1798. To prevent unrest, at that time the BEIC did not allow Christian missionaries to work within its territories in India.  However, the issue of sati became a rallying point for British Christians, who pushed legislation through the House of Commons in 1813 to allow missionary work in India specifically to end practices like sati.   By 1850, British colonial attitudes against sati had hardened. Officials like Sir Charles Napier threatened to hang for murder any Hindu priest who advocated or presided over a widow-burning. British officials put intense pressure on the rulers of the princely states to outlaw sati, as well. In 1861, Queen Victoria issued a proclamation banning sati throughout her domain in India. Nepal officially banned it in 1920. Prevention of Sati Act Today, Indias  Prevention of Sati Act  (1987) makes it illegal to coerce or encourage anyone to commit sati. Forcing someone to commit sati can be punished by death. Nonetheless, a small number of widows still choose to join their husbands in death; at least four instances have been recorded between the year 2000 and 2015. Examples In 1987, a Rajput man was arrested after the sati death of his daughter-in-law, Roop Kunwar, who was just 18 years old.

The economic growth of the UK has varied over the 10 years between Assignment

The economic growth of the UK has varied over the 10 years between 2004 and 2014 - Assignment Example The government has played its part in regulating and setting up of policies that help regulate the economic growth. Favorable government policies to stimulate the private sector, hence leads to achieving a change in broadband. The government has, moreover, removed trade barriers, hence allowing a favorable competitive in the global market and economy. The government has created a simpler tax system which is fairer. This helps in improving the state of public resources and finances.in the long run, the growth of the economy is boosted and workers who work to support their families are rewarded. The government has created a competitive taxation system among the G20 making it more lucrative and attractive to international investors. The corporate tax was reduced from twenty eight percent to twenty three and is expected to be lowered in 2015, making it the lowest among the G7 members (A Guide to UK Taxation, 2013). In 2010, the Corporate Tax Road Map was published by the government. This set up several principles that led to tax reforms. The bill opened way for low and simple corporate tax, a stable taxation system, legislation that minimized complexity. All these factors led to a favorable environment for investors, hence became a boost to the growth of the economy (A Guide to UK Taxation, 2013). The investment done by the government and private investors in setting up of infrastructure have been a major boost to economic growth. With over 1.7 billion pounds have been invested in over thirty six transport projects, including nine major highways, including the M62 and M1, several local authorities like the Greater bus network, Poole Bridge and Blackpool tram and the National infrastructure plan (2013, pg. 27). In the short-term the investment led to employment directly, created a demand for materials while, in the long term, it allowed the economy an open